widow, the name Chung-i fu-jên 忠義夫人 "Loyal and Dutiful Lady" and upon their army, the name Chung-chên-ying 忠貞營 "Loyal and True Battalion."
[M.1/309/2b; M.41/1/3b; Hauer, Erich, "Li Tzŭ-ch'êng und Chang Hsien-chung, ein Beitrag zum Ende der Ming dynastie," Asia Major, v. II; China Review, vol. XVI, 1887–88, pp. 267–76; Chao Tsung-fu 趙宗復, 李自成叛亂史略 in Historical Annual, vol. II, no. 4; Fêng Su 馮甦, 見聞隨筆 Chien-wên sui-pi; T'ung Shu-yeh 童書業, 李自成死事考異 in 史學集刊 Shih-hsüeh chi-k'an, vol. 3 (1937), pp. 247–65.]
LI Tz'ŭ-ming 李慈銘 (T. 愛伯, H. 蒪客, 越縵, original ming 模 T. 式侯), Jan. 21, 1830–1894, Dec. 20, official and scholar, was a native of K'uai-chi (Shaohsing), Chekiang. Endowed with great natural abilities, he began to write poetry at the age of twelve (sui). As a young man he read extensively, devoting much time to digesting and meditating on what he read. In 1859 he went to Peking in the hope of purchasing a government post, but while there became the victim of a fraud in which he lost all his money. His mother, however, by disposing of all her lands, made it possible for him to obtain a post as department director in the Board of Works. He became a chü-jên in 1870 and a chin-shih in 1880, but continued in the Board of Works until he became a censor. As such he was fearless and outspoken. Because of his frankness and straightforwardness he made many enemies, but his friends loved him. However, the situation in which he found himself made him unhappy and despondent. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, seeing that China was doomed to defeat, he became exasperated and died of hemorrhage at the age of sixty-six (sui).
Li Tz'ŭ-ming was a voluminous writer, but for a long time only a few items appeared in print—among them a collection of his verse, 白華絳跗閣詩初集 Pai-hua chiang-fu ko shih ch'u-chi, 10 chüan, printed in 1891. His prose and verse are marked by erudition and by a distinguished literary style which set him off as one of the great writers of the late Ch'ing period. His original manuscripts were acquired by the National Library of Peking in 1927. Eleven of these, constituting his notes on the study of history, were published by the Library in 1932 under the collective title, 越縵堂讀史杞記 Yüeh-man t'ang tu-shih cha-chi, 30 chüan. A collection of short articles in prose, entitled Yüeh-man tang wên-chi (文集), 12 chüan, was, like the above, assembled by Mr. Wang Chung-min (see under Han T'an) and published by the National Library in 1930. Li's diary—in some respects the most notable of his contributions—entitled Yüeh-man t'ang jih-chi (日記), covering the years 1863–88, was reproduced by the Commercial Press, Shanghai, in facsimile in 1921. A supplement for the years 1854–63 was reproduced in facsimile by the National Library in 1936. Apart from being a record of personal and national events, it contains his elucidations of the classics, identifications and verifications of historical data, notes on his readings, critical appraisals of notable personages, and many poems and short essays.
[1/491/19a; 6/10/22b; 19/壬上/22a; Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping, vol. 6, no. 5 (1932); T'u-shu kuan hsüeh chi-k'an (Library Science Quarterly), vol. 2, no. 2, portrait.]
LI Wei 李蔚 (T. 景霱, 臺書, H. 坦園, 據梧居士), 1625–1684, July 22, official, was a native of Kao-yang, Chihli. An ancestor in the fifth generation, Li Yen 李儼 (T. 仲威, 1438–1503), was a chin-shih of 1478 who served as an assistant financial commissioner of Shansi. His father, Li Kuo-p'u 李國𣚴 (T. 元治, H. 續溪, 1585–1631, posthumous name 文敏), was a chin-shih of 1613, a corrector in the Hanlin Academy, and later a Grand Secretary (1626–28). For serving in that exalted position while the eunuch, Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.], was in power, Li Kuo-p'u was sometimes criticized as a member of Wei's clique. Soon after Wei's downfall in 1628, he resigned and lived in retirement at his home.
Li Wei was seven sui when his father died. As his mother had died in 1626, he was brought up by his father's concubine, née Chang 張, a native of Peking. When in 1638 Kao-yang was taken and looted by the Manchus under Dorgon [q. v.], she took Li Wei to live in Peking. In 1645, one year after the Manchus set up their Court in Peking, Li competed in the provincial examination and became a chü-jên. A year later he became a chin-shih and was selected a bachelor to study Manchu in the Hanlin Academy. Made a corrector in 1647, he rose rapidly in rank and was made a Grand Secretary in 1658 at the age of thirty-four (sui). During the
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