cially in the field of poetry. In his native place he was a member of the literary club named Ou-shê 鷗社, an organization of various local poets. His literary collection, containing his prose works in 4 chüan and his verse in 4 chüan, was published with a preface by himself dated 1833, under the title Yü-han shan-fang shih-wên chi (詩文集). This collection was enlarged, and when published under the same title after his death contained 8 chüan of verse (1884) and 10 chüan of prose (1889). Ma Kuo-han compiled a catalogue of various kinds of coins prior to the Ming period, entitled 紅藕花軒泉品 Hung-ou hua hsüan ch'üan-p'in, 8 chüan, which was reprinted in 1887. He was also the author of several other works of which the manuscripts or the printing-blocks were preserved in the Li family. At the request of the Li brothers Chiang Shih-hsing edited these manuscripts, under the title 馬竹吾先生全集 Ma Chu-wu hsien-shêng ch'üan-chi. This collection, however, was not published.
[Wang Chung-min, "Two Ch'ing Editors of Lost Books" (Chinese text) in 輔仁學誌 Fu-jên hsüeh-chih, vol. III, no. 1 (1932); Li-ch'êng hsien-chih (1926), chüan 41; Hsü (續) Shensi t'ung-chih kao (稿) (1934), list of officials.]
MA Shih-ying 馬士英 (T. 瑤草), 1591–1646(47), notorious official of the Ming and southern Ming courts, was a native of Kweiyang, Kweichow. He passed the metropolitan examination in 1616 and became a chin-shih in 1619. After holding various posts in the capital and elsewhere, he was appointed in September 1632 governor of Hsüan-fu 宣府 (with jurisdiction over the northern districts of Chihli and Shansi). But shortly after he assumed office he was charged by the eunuch Wang K'un (see under Ting K'uei-ch'u) with mulcting his constituents and bribing Court officials, and in November he was exiled to the frontier. Through the help of his classmate and lifelong friend, Juan Ta-ch'êng [q. v.], he was recalled and made governor-general of Fêng-yang, Anhwei, where he won merit for the suppression of brigands. When Peking fell (1644) he succeeded in exerting his influence in support of the Prince of Fu (see under Chu Yu-sung), as opposed to another prince, to head the Court at Nanking. Grateful for his efforts, the Prince of Fu made him Grand Secretary and gave him other high titles, but left him at his post in Fêng-yang. Ma resented this exclusion from the Court and threatened Nanking with a fleet of 1,200 war junks. Thus intimidated, the Court recalled him to Nanking and made him Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent and later Grand Tutor.
Soon Ma, with Juan Ta-ch'êng, dominated the Court, reputedly through unscrupulous extortion, bribery, and shameless sale of degrees and offices. He cowed Emperor and Court and, when impeached, bribed his way back into power. He opposed Shih K'o-fa and Tso Liang-yü [qq. v.] and sent the former to Yangchow. Tso then advanced his armies towards Nanking, vowing to get rid of Ma. To defend the capital against Tso, Ma called in many troops from the North and thus weakened the defense against the Ch'ing troops commanded by Dodo [q. v.]. On June 3, 1645 the Prince of Fu fled, as Ch‘ing troops entered Nanking. The next day Ma Shih-ying, announcing that he was escorting the Empress Dowager, fled with 400 soldiers to Chekiang. It was charged, however, that he disguised his own mother as the said Empress Dowager. When the Prince of Lu (see under Chu I-hai) set up his regency in Shaohsing, Ma was repudiated and took refuge in Yen-chou. In 1646 he was refused entrance to Fukien and died soon thereafter. According to some accounts he became a monk in a monastery in the T'ien-t'ai mountains, Chekiang, where he was discovered by the Ch'ing troops, arrested and executed in a market place.
[M.1/308/34b; M.36/18/1a; M.59/62/1a; 明季南略 Ming-chi nan-lüeh, 3/6b, 4/1a, 2b, 3a, 6/14a, 7/4a, 6a, 10/3b, 4a, 11/5b; Ming-chi pei-lüeh (北略), 18/2b, 20/5b; Ku Yen-wu [q. v.], Shêng-an pên-chi, passim; Ch'ên Chên-hui [q. v.], Shu-shih ch'i-tsê.]
MA Su 馬驌 (T. 宛斯 and 驄御), Feb.1, 1621–1673, Aug. 15, scholar, a native of Tsou-p'ing, Shantung, was a chin-shih of 1659. After serving as police magistrate in Huai-an, Kiangsu, he became district magistrate of Ling-pi, Anhwei. He is best known as the compiler of the 繹史 I-shih, an encyclopedic history of China from earliest antiquity to the close of the Ch'in dynasty (206 B.C.), which was printed in 1670 in 160 chüan. It is a collection of extracts drawn from many sources, arranged chronologically under various heads, to each of which is appended the author's own conclusions. Ku Yen-wu [q. v.]
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