1670) at the village of Hsia-fêng in Hui-hsien, Honan.
In 1679 T'ang passed the special examination known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ (see under P'êng Sun-yü) with appointment as sub-expositor of the Hanlin Academy. He served on the editorial board for the compilation of the Ming History, and in 1682 was appointed one of its directors. After several promotions he was, in 1684, made governor of Kiangsu. His sound administration won for him the love of the people despite severe restrictions on their luxurious practices. His recommendation of Kuo Hsiu [q. v.] for censor in 1686 also won him praise, and in the same year he was appointed chief supervisor of instruction, responsible for the education of the Heir Apparent, Yin-jêng [q. v.]. At the 1686 conference on Yellow River conservancy he supported the plan of Yü Ch'êng-lung (1638–1700, q.v.) to deepen the last section of the river, in opposition to the plan of Chin Fu [q. v.] to build more dikes. As the latter was one of the powerful clique under the Grand Secretary, Mingju [q. v.], T'ang found himself the target of bitter attacks. Denounced as incapable of teaching the Heir Apparent, he was removed from the Supervisorate of Instruction, and was ordered to serve on the Board of Works. Being then aged and ill, he died in the autumn of 1687. Kuo Hsiu, then a censor, soon submitted a memorial accusing Mingju, Chin Fu, and a number of other high officials of corruption and the formation of a clique for mutual protection. Early in 1688 these officials were either dismissed or degraded.
T'ang Pin was an orthodox Confucianist, but unlike Lu Lung-chi [q. v.], he did not oppose the philosophy of Wang Shou-jên (see under Chang Li-hsiang), perhaps because of the influence of Sun Ch'i-fêng. In 1733 his name was entered in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. Four years later he was canonized as Wên-chêng 文正, one of the most honored of posthumous names. In 1823 his name was entered by imperial decree in the Temple of Confucius. A collection of his writings, entitled 潛庵先生遺稿 Ch'ien-an hsien-shêng i-kao, in 5 chüan, was printed in 1690. It was expanded in 1703 to 10 chüan, entitled 湯子遺書 T'ang-tzŭ i-shu, supplemented by another chüan containing sketches of his life and a nien-p'u. This was re-edited in 1737. A new edition appeared in 1871 under the title T'ang Wên-chêng kung ch'üan-chi (公全集) which includes, in addition to his essays and poems, the following works: his contribution to the Ming History, under the title 明史稿 Ming-shih kao, in 20 chüan; his annotations to a part of the Classic of Changes, 乾坤兩卦解 Ch'ien-k'un liang-kua chieh, 1 chüan; biographical sketches of philosophers of Honan, 洛學編 Lo-hsüeh pien in 4 chüan, completed in 1673, and supplemented by Yin Hui-i (see under Yin Chia-ch'üan) in 1738; and a more complete nien-p'u.
[1/271/1a; 3/48/1a; 4/16/1a; 17/4/1a; 20/1/00 with portrait; T'ang-tzŭ i-shu, introduction; Watters, T., A Guide to the Tablets in a Temple of Confucius (1879), p. 237; Li Kuang-ti [q. v.], Jung-ts'un yü-lu hsü-chi.]
T'ANG, Prince of. See under Chu Yü-chien.
TAO-kuang. Reign-title of Min-ning [q. v.].
T'AO Chu 陶澍 (T. 子霖, H. 雲汀), Jan. 17, 1779–1839, July 12, official and man of letters, was a native of An-hua, Hunan. For his early education he was indebted to his father, T'ao Pi-ch'üan 陶必銓 (T. 士升, H. 萸江, 1755–1805), a scholar and teacher who left two works, entitled 萸江詩文存 Yü-chiang shih-wên ts'un, 8 chüan; and Yü-chiang chih-i (制義), both printed in 1816. T'ao Chu received his chin-shih degree in 1802. In 1805 he became a compiler in the Hanlin Academy, and in 1810 was assistant examiner in Szechwan. After serving several terms as censor (1814–19) he was appointed successively to the posts of intendant of the Ch'uan-tung Circuit 川東道 in Szechwan (1819–21), provincial judge of Shansi (1821), and financial commissioner of Anhwei (1821–23). Then he rose to the governorship of Anhwei (1823–25) and of Kiangsu (1825–30). In Kiangsu he is best remembered for the measures he took to transport tribute grain by the sea routes, because parts of the Grand Canal had been flooded. In 1826, at the suggestion of Pao Shih-ch'ên and Ying-ho [qq. v.], he delivered by the sea route the quota of rice for that year. It took 1,562 junks to transport 1,633,000 shih 石 (about four and a half million bushels) from Shanghai to Tientsin. But this route was abandoned the following year owing to opposition on the part of officials who profited by the use of the Canal.
In 1830 T'ao was promoted to be governor-general of Kiangsu, Kiangsi, and Anhwei—a post he held for nine years. Early in 1831, the office of the censor supervising the Liang-Huai salt administration was abolished and given concurrently to the governor-general at Nanking. T'ao was the first governor-general to take over this additional charge, and to him are due many
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