to follow ancient calligraphy from actual rubbings made from stone and bronze. The former was called the T'ieh, or Copy Book, School (帖學派), of which Liu Yung was one of the last brilliant exponents. The latter was called the Pei, or Monument, School (碑學派), of which Têng Shih-ju was the representative. For this reason the chuan and the li styles, which had little vogue after the time of the eighth century calligrapher, Li Yang-ping 李陽冰 (T. 少温), flourished greatly at the close of the Ch'ing period. The following albums of Têng's handwritings were printed: 篆書十五種 Chuan-shu shih-wu chung; 心經 Hsin-ching; and 樂志論 Lo-chih lun. Recently several other reproductions of his handwritings have appeared.
Têng’s eldest Son, Têng Ch'uan-mi 鄧傳密 (T. 守之, original ming 廷璽), studied under Li Chao-lo [q. v.], a friend of his father. He later worked under Tsêng Kuo-fan [q. v.]. Like his father he was a good calligrapher, skilled in the chuan style. Among the many calligraphers whom Têng Shih-ju influenced, may be mentioned Yang I-sun 楊沂孫 (T. 子與, H. 詠春, 濠叟, 1813–1881) and Wu Ta-ch'êng [q. v.], both skilled in the chuan style. A recent famous calligrapher of this school was Wu Ch'ang-shih 吳昌碩 (T. 蒼石, H. 苦鐵, 缶廬, original ming 俊卿, 1844–1927).
[1/508/3b; 3/441/6a; 7/44/11a; 20/4/00; Fang Li-ch'ien 方履籛, 萬善花室文藁 Wan-shan hua-shih wên-kao 5/1b; Chang Hui-yen [q. v.], Ming-k'o wên pu-pien 外上/21a; Ma Tsung-huo 馬宗霍, 書林藻鑑 Shu-lin tsao-chien (1915) 21/5a; Arigaya Seidō, 支那書道史概說 Shina shodō-shi gaisetsu (1930) pp. 538–545.]
TÊNG T'ing-chên 鄧廷楨 (T. 維周, H. 嶰筠), Jan. 26, 1776–1846, Apr. 15, official, was a native of Nanking. His family came originally from Shou-chou, Anhwei. The ancestor who first settled in Nanking was Têng Hsü 鄧旭 (T. 元昭, chin-shih of 1647) who rose from a Hanlin corrector to intendant of the T'ao-Min Circuit in Kansu (1656–57). Têng T'ing-chên became a chü-jên in 1798 and a chin-shih in 1801, followed by appointment to the Hanlin Academy. After officiating in various capacities in the capital, he was appointed in 1810 prefect of Taiwan (Formosa). Before he set out for that post however, Chiang Yu-hsien 蔣攸銛 (T. 穎芳, H. 礪堂, 1766–1830, chin-shih of 1781), then governor of Chekiang, asked that Têng be retained for service in that province. Hence, later in the same year, he became prefect of Ningpo. His mother died in 1812. When the customary period of mourning was ended (1814) he was appointed prefect of Sian, Shensi. Though transferred in 1815 to be prefect, first of Yen-an and then of Yü-lin (both in Shensi), he returned to Sian in 1817. As prefect of Sian he made some judicial decisions which won for him high praise as an administrator. In 1820 he was promoted to be judicial commissioner of Hupeh in which capacity he obtained permission to abolish taxes on land that had been devastated by the Yangtze River. In the following year (1821) he was made financial commissioner of Kiangsi, but in 1822, owing to a blunder committed as prefect of Sian, he was dismissed from office. However, in 1823, he was befriended by Chiang Yu-hsien, then viceroy of Chihli, and early in the following year was appointed intendant of the T'ung-Yung Circuit in that province. Late in 1824 he became judicial commissioner of Shensi. After serving as financial commissioner, and then as acting governor of Shensi (1825), he was made governor of Anhwei (1826)—a post he retained for more than nine years. It was during his tenure there that the general history of that province, entitled Anhwei t'ung-chih, was completed. This work, in 260 сhüan, was begun in 1825 under T'ao Chu [q. v.], was presented to the throne in 1829, and soon after was printed. Owing to his good record as governor of Anhwei, Têng was in 1835 promoted to be governor-general of Liang-Kuang (Kwangtung and Kwangsi). Canton being then the trading port with the Western nations, and also the center of pressing foreign problems relating to the opium traffic, his new post was as difficult as it was important.
Upon assuming office in February 1836, Têng T'ing-chên memorialized on the need for strengthening the coast defenses of Kwangtung. After Captain Charles Elliot (see under Lin Tsê-hsü) was appointed Superintendent of Trade he addressed a communication to Têng, late in 1836, notifying him of the appointment and requesting a passport from Macao to Canton. Têng noticed that in the communication Elliot referred to himself, not as taipan 大班 (the term previously used for the responsible head of each nation's mercantile community) but as yüan-chih 遠職, a term more nearly indicating Elliot's new status. In transferring Elliot's request to the throne Têng reported on the alteration in language but, assuming that the
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