Imperial consent. He was also accused of having divulged a military secret while governor of Shansi—namely, handing over to Yen-hsin [q. v.] a complete account of the number of soldiers in the empire, and where they were stationed. Tried in 1728, he was found guilty and sentenced to death, but was granted Imperial pardon. To make amends, he was ordered early in 1729 to build, at his own expense, the walls of Jak 札克 and of Baidarik 拜達里克, two cities on the caravan route to Uliasutai and Kobdo in Outer Mongolia. When Emperor Kao-tsung ascended the throne in 1735 he made Tulišen a chancellor of the Grand Secretariat, and early in the following year promoted him to the post of vice-president of the Board of Works. But manifesting senility and lack of mental clarity, he was ordered to return to his former post. He retired in 1737 and died four years later.
Tulišen's own account of his journey to the Torguts in 1712–15 was completed about 1720 and printed in 1723 under the title 異域錄 I-yü lu. There are at least four reprints of the work in various ts'ung-shu, and probably a manuscript text in Manchu which he submitted to the throne. The work long ago attracted the attention of Western scholars. It was translated into French by P. Gaubil as early as 1726 and this became the basis for a German version. There are two Russian translations, one by H. Rossokhim in 1764 and another by A. Leont'ev in 1782. Sir George Staunton translated it into English in 1821 under the title, Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars.
[1/159/1a; 1/289/3b; 1/527/13b; 3/62/12a; 34/152/1a; Ho Ch'iu-t'ao [q. v.], Shuo-fang pei-shêng, chüan 37, 38, 43–44; Cahen, Gaston, Histoire des Relations de la Russie avec la Chine sous Pierre le Grand (1689–1730), Paris, 1912; Ides, Isbrants, Three Year's Travels from Moscow Overland to China (1706); Lange, Lorenz, Journal; Bell, John, Travels from St. Petersberg in Russia to Divers Parts of Asia (1763) vol. II; Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols, Part I, pp. 534–89.]
TUN, Prince. See under Mien-k'ai.
TUNG Ch'i-ch'ang 董其昌 (T. 玄宰, H. 思白, 香光), Feb. 10, 1555–1636, Aug.–Sept., Ming official, calligrapher and painter, was a native of Shanghai. He registered in the prefectural rehool at Sungkiang and later made his home in that city. He became a chin-shih in 1589 and was made a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy where he later served as a compiler. In 1594 he was appointed a tutor to Chu Ch'ang-lo [q. v.] who, twenty-six years later, became Emperor. In 1596 he was sent to Changsha to represent the Emperor at the ceremonies that took place when a member of the Imperial Family succeeded to a princedom. The following year he was sent to Kiangsi to conduct the provincial examinations. In 1599 he was appointed an assistant to the provincial judge of Hu-kuang, serving concurrently as commissioner of education of that province. It is said that this dual office, although a promotion in rank, was regarded by him as a humiliation, and that he was assigned to it because he had failed to cultivate the favor of a powerful clique in the government. It is reported that he pleaded illness and retired rather than assume the office. Be that as it may, he did not remain long in retirement; he emerged in 1604 to take the very post—commissioner of education of Hu-kuang—which he had previously declined. In 1605, when he was conducting an examination at Huangkang, a group of students demonstrated against him. It was found, after an official investigation, that the demonstration was unwarranted. He was freed from all responsibility for the disorderly conduct of the students, but he tendered his resignation, and returned home.
For seventeen years (1605–22) Tung Ch'i-ch'ang lived in retirement, but in those years he was several times called upon to serve as: intendant of the Tengchow-Laichow Circuit in Shantung; assistant to the provincial judge of Fukien (?); and assistant to the financial commissioner of Honan. Though he is said to have declined all these posts, it is known that on one occasion he used the title of assistant to the financial commissioner of Honan as part of his official rank. In 1622 he was summoned to Peking and received appointment as director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship. As this was the time when the "veritable records" (shih-lu) of the Ming Emperor Shên-tsung (see under Chu Ch'ang-lo) were being compiled, he was made one of the directors of the compilation. He was sent to Nanking to study the documentary materials preserved in the archives of the southern capital, and from these he compiled a work of three hundred manuscript volumes comprising important documents of the Wan-li period. During his stay there he was appointed a vice-president of the Board of Ceremonies. Early in 1624 he presented his
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