they were pacified within three months. Early in 1814 he was rewarded with the hereditary rank of a baron of the second class. In the same year, after helping Ch'ang-ling [q. v.] annihilate a band of rebellious lumbermen in Shensi, Yang Yü-ch'un's hereditary rank was raised to a first class baron. He was warmly received at Court and was told by the Emperor to be prepared for important tasks. We are told that the Emperor admired in particular his long beard.
In 1825, after serving seventeen years as provincial commander-in-chief at Ku-yüan, Yang Yü-ch'un was appointed acting governor-general of Shensi and Kansu. In 1826, after Jehangir (see under Ch'ang-ling) had taken Kashgar and other cities, Yang was made assistant commander under Ch'ang-ling with orders to recover them. By dint of skillful strategy, and real bravery, the invaders were defeated in several battles, and Kashgar was recovered. But owing to the escape of Jehangir and the subsequent futile search for him, Yang Yü-ch'un was ordered to lead a large part of his army back to China, leaving affairs at Kashgar to Ch'ang-ling. When, early in 1828, the capture of Jehangir was effected (see under Yang Fang), Yang Yü-ch'un was highly praised, his post as governor-general of Shensi and Kansu was confirmed, and his portrait was hung in the Tzŭ-kuang ko (see under Chao-hui) among those of the victorious generals and statesmen who had prosecuted the campaign in Chinese Turkestan. Owing to advanced age and illness, he retired in 1835, but before he went home he was granted an audience with Emperor Hsüan-tsung and, in addition to other honors, was made a marquis of the first class with the designation Chao-yung. He made his home at Chengtu where he died, and was canonized as Chung-wu 忠武. His name was entered in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen.
In the collected works of Ho Yüeh-yü 何曰愈 (T. 子持, H. 雲垓, 1793–1872), entitled 存誠齋文集 Tsun-ch'êng chai wên-chi, it is stated that Yang Yü-ch'un was tall and stout, and that he usually tied his long beard into a knot when he led his men into battle. Many famous generals of the first half of the nineteenth century owed their rise to the help which Yang gave them; the most celebrated being Yang Fang. They were referred to jointly as "The Two Yangs" (二揚) and, though they were not relatives, Yang Fang styled Yang Yü-ch'un "uncle".
The second son of Yang Yü-ch'un, named Yang Kuo-chân 楊國楨 (T. 海梁, 1782–1849, chü-jên of 1804), succeeded to his father's hereditary rank. In his official career he rose to be governor of Honan (1827–34) and of Shensi (1839–41).
[1/353/1a; 2/37/19a; 3/192/1a pu-lu; 5/22/14b; Yang Kuo-chên tzŭ-ting nien-p'u; Ch'ung-ch'ing chou-chih (1877); Ch'ung-ch'ing hsien-chih (1926) supplement entitled Chiang-yüan wên-chêng].
YANGGINU 楊吉砮, d. 1584, and his elder brother Cinggiyanu 清佳砮, d. 1584, belonged to the widely scattered Nara clan and were beile of the Yehe tribe. Chinese accounts, dating from the Ming period, refer to them as Yang-chia-nu 仰加奴 and Ch'êng-chia-nu 逞加奴 respectively—or together as "The Two Nu" (二奴). According to the Pa-ch'i Man-chou shih-tsu t'ung-p'u, or genealogy of the Eight Banners (see under Anfiyanggû), they were not related by blood to the Nara clan that embraced the Ula, Hoifa, and Hada tribes, but were descendants of a Mongol invader from the Tumed tribe, Singgen Dargan, who had exterminated a group of Manchus and had adopted their clan name, Nara. The same source adds that the tribal name 'Yehe' was derived from the Yehe river on which they settled. This interpretation was partly substantiated by the fact that the word 'Yehe' is Mongol, whereas the names 'Hada', 'Hoifa', and 'Ula' are Manchu. At the same time, it appears improbable that the adjective yehe, "great", could have been descriptive of the small tributary of the Liao along which the group settled. It seems more likely that the Yehe tribe, "the great tribe", gave its name to the river. Yangginu's grandfather (or father) was Cukungge 褚孔格, son of a bandit, named Cirgani 齊爾噶尼, who was executed by the Chinese in the early part of the Chêng-tê period (1506–1522). The Shan-chung wên-chien lu, compiled by P'êng Sun-i [q. v.], gives the bandit's name as Socangga. Cukungge himself was executed by Wangji wailan (see under Wan) in 1513. Independent Chinese sources differ as to whether Cukungge was the grandfather or the father of Yangginu. The Ch'ing-shih kao, or Draft History of the Ch'ing Dynasty, printed in 1927–28, makes both statements (chüan 229/4b, grandfather; 229/2a, father).
After the death of Cukungge, Yangginu and his brother divided the Yehe tribe between them and established two cities—Cinggiyanu occupying the western one. They traded with the
897
