of the people was held in contempt at the several courts, it was no easy task for a single writer to undertake to fix the standard of a language which had branched out into a variety of idioms, depending in a great measure upon principles altogether arbitrary. Addling effected as much in this respect as could well be accomplished by the persevering labours of an individual. By means of his excellent grammars, dictionary, and various works on German style, he contributed greatly towards rectifying the orthography, refining the idiom, and fixing the standard of his native tongue.[1] Of all the different dialects he gave a decided preference to that of the margraviate of Misnia, in Upper Saxony, and positively rejected everything that was contrary to the phraseology in use among the best society of that province, and in the writings of those authors whom it had produced. In adopting this narrow principle he is generally thought to have been too fastidious. The dialect of Misnia was undoubtedly the richest, as it was the earliest cultivated of any in Germany; but Adelung probably went too far in restraining the language within the limits of this single idiom, to the exclusion of others from which it might have, and really has, acquired additional richness, flexibility, and force. His German dictionary has been generally regarded as superior to the English one of Johnson, and certainly far surpasses it in etymology. In deed, the patient spirit of investigation which Adelung possessed in so remarkable a degree, together with his intimate knowledge of the ancient history and progressive revolutions of the different dialects on which the modern German is based, peculiarly qualified him for the duties of a lexicographer. No man before Jacob Grimm did so much for the language of Germany. Shortly before his death he issued the very learned work, at which he had been labouring quietly for years, entitled Mithridates; or, a General History of Languages, with the Lord's Prayer, as a specimen, in nearly Jive hundred languages and dialects. The hint of this work appears to have been taken from a publication, with a similar title, published by the celebrated Conrad Gesner in 1555; but the plan of Adelung is much more extensive. Unfortunately he did not live to finish what he had undertaken. The first volume, which contains the Asiatic languages, was published immediately after his death; the other three were issued under the superintendence of Professor Yater (1809–17). Of the very numerous works by Adelung, in addition to translations, the following are of greatest importance:—
Geschichte der Streitigkeiten zwischen Dänemark und den Herzogen von Holstein-Gottorp. Frankf., Leipsic, 1762, 4to.—Pragmatische Staatsgeschichte Europens von dem Ableben Kaiser Karls des 6ten an. Vols. i.–ix. Gotha, 1762–9, 4to.—Mineralogische Belustigungen. Vo1s. i.–vi. Copenhagen and Leipsic, 1767–71, 8vo.—Glossarium Manuale ad Scriptores mediæ et infimæ Latinitatis, ex magnis Glossariis Caroli du Fresne Domini Ducange ct Carpentarii, in compendium redactum. Tomi vi. Halle, 1772–84.—Versuch eines volliständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuchs der Hoch Teutschen Mundart. 1774–86, 5 vols. 4to.—Ueber die Geschichte der Teutschen Sprache, über Teutsche Mundarten und Teutsche Sprachlehre. Leipsic, 1781, 8vo.—Ueber den Ursprung der Sprache und den Bau der Wörter. Ibid. 1781, 8vo.—Teutsche Sprachlehre, zum Gebrauch der Schulen in den Königl. Preuss. Landen. Berlin, 1781.—Lehrgebäude der Teutschen Sprache.—Versuch einer Geschichte der Cultur des Menschlichen Geschlechts. 1782, 8vo.—Beyträge zur Bürgerlichen Geschichte, zur Geschichte der Cultur, zur Naturgeschichte, Naturlehre, und dem Feldbaue. Leipsic, 1783, 8vo.—Fortsctzung und Ergänzungen zu Christ. Gottl. Jöchers allgemeinem Styl. Berlin, 1785, 3 vols. 8vo.—Vollständige Anweisung zur Teutschen Orthographie. Leipsic, 1786, 2 vols.—Auszug aus dem Grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuch der Hohen Teutschen Mundart. Leipsic, 1793, 1 vol.; 1795, 2 vols. 8vo.—Mithridates, oder Allgemoine Sprachenkunde. 3 vols. Berlin, 1806–1812.
Aden, a town and seaport of Yemen in Arabia, belonging to Britain, situated on a peninsula of the same name, 1 00 miles east of the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. The peninsula of Aden consists chiefly of a mass of barren and desolate volcanic rocks, extending five miles from east to west, and three from its northern shore to Ras Sanailah or Cape Aden, its most southerly point; it is connected with the mainland by a neck of flat sandy ground only a few feet high; and its greatest elevation is Jebel Shamshan, 1770 feet above the level of the sea. The town is built on the eastern coast, in what is probably the crater of an extinct volcano, and is surrounded by precipitous rocks that form an admirable natural defence. There are two harbours, an outer, facing the town, protected by the island of Sirah, but now partially choked with mud; and an inner, called Aden Back-bay, or, by the Arabs, Bander Tuwayyi, on the western side of the peninsula, which, at all periods of the year, admits vessels drawing less than 20 feet. On the whole, Aden is a healthy place, although it suffers considerably from the want of good water, and the heat is often very intense. From its admirable commercial and military position, Aden early became the chief entrepôt of the trade between Europe and Asia. It was known to the Romans as Arabia Felix and Attanæ, and was captured by them, probably in the year 24 B.C. At the commencement of the 16th century it fell into the hands of the Portuguese, who, however, were expelled by the Turks in 1538. In the following century the Turks themselves relinquished their conquests in Yemen, and the Sultan of Senna established a supremacy over Aden, which was maintained until the year 1730, when the Sheik of Lahej, throwing off his allegiance, founded a line of independent sultans. In 1837 a ship under British colours was wrecked near Aden, and the crew and passengers grievously maltreated by the Arabs. An explanation of the outrage being demanded by the Bombay Government, the Sultan undertook to make compensation for the plunder of the vessel, and also agreed to sell his town and port to the English. Captain Haines of the Indian navy was, sent to complete these arrangements, but the Sultan's son, who now exercised the powers of government, refused to fulfil the promises that his father had made. A combined naval and military force was thereupon despatched, and the place was captured on the 16th January 1839. It became an outlying portion of the Presidency of Bombay. The withdrawal of the~ trade between Europe and the East, caused by the discovery of the passage round the Cape of Good Hope, and the misgovernment of the native rulers, had gradually reduced Aden to a state of comparative insignificance; but about the time of its capture by the British, the Bed Sea route to India was re-opened, and commerce soon began to flow in its former channel. Aden was made a free port, and was chosen as one of the coaling stations of the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company; and at present its most valuable import is coal for the use of the steamers. It has, however, a considerable trade in the products of Arabia—coffee, gum, feathers, dyes, pearls, and ivory; and in return receives silk and cotton goods, grain, and provisions. In 1871–72 the value of its imports was £1,404,169; and of its exports, £885,919. In the same year 535 steamers (643,982 tons), 94 sailing vessels (90,516 tons), and 898 native craft visited the port. The town has been fortified and garrisoned by the British; and its magnificent water-tanks, which had been permitted to fall into ruins, have been partially restored. It contains nearly 30,000 inhabitants, as compared with less than 1000 in 1839. Lat. 12° 46' N.; long. 45° 10' E.
Aderno, a city of Sicily, in the province of Catania, near the foot of Mount Etna, 17 miles N.W. of Catania. It is built on the site of the ancient Adranum, portions of the massive walls of which are still visible, and numerous
- ↑ The period in which High German as a written language approached nearest perfection is, according to him, the short interval between 1740 and 1760.
