1G2 A D M A D O
- pointed during pleasure by the loi-ds of the admiralty.
He is the general legal adviser, in the first instance, of the lords commissioners; and since 1869 there have been added to his other functions those of registrar of public securities and custodian of all public securities and bonds belonging to the admiralty. His salary is XI 600 a-year in lieu of all fees, bills, and disbursements, with an allow ance of 1300 a-year for assistance of clerks. His office is provided for him. 7. The Procurator. The admiralty s proctor stands pre cisely in the same situation to the queen s proctor that his advocate does to that of the queen, though there is not quite so great a difference in their emoluments. They act as the attorneys or solicitors in all causes concerning the queen s and the lord high admiral s affairs in the high court of admiralty and other courts. All prize causes are conducted by the queen s proctor. It is supposed that in some years of war, in the early part of the century, the proctor did not receive less than 20,000 a-year. 8. The MarsJial. This officer receives his appointment from the lord high admiral or lords commissioners of the admiralty. His appointment is under the seal of the high court of admiralty during pleasure, and is confirmed by letters patent from the Crown. His duties are to arrest ships and persons ; to execute all processes or orders issuing from the court; to attend, in person or by deputy, the judge with the silver oar (the ancient emblem of maritime jurisdic tion); and formerly also to attend executions. It is also the duty of the marshal or his deputy to arrest, under warrant from the admiralty, any officer not beneath the rank of post captain who may be ordered for trial by court- martial; and to see to the delivery of sentenced prisoners to their place of punishment. His emoluments formerly de pended on the number of prizes brought into port for con demnation, and the number of ships embargoed, and might probably be reckoned in time of war, communibus annis, from 1500 to 2000 a-year, out of which he had to pay about 400 a-year to a deputy. He had no salary. The office can, however, be no longer performed by deputy, except in case of illness, 9 of the 3 and 4 Viet. c. 66. The marshal is now paid by a salary of 500, in addition to his travelling expenses. (See Orders in Council since February 1870; Camp bell s Lives of the British Admirals; O Byrne s Naval BiograpJiical Dictionary; Rymer s Feeder a; Pepys Naval -Collections, and Pepys Diary; The Black Book of the Admiralty (republished by the Master of the Rolls); Stephen s Commentaries on the Laws of England; Stow s Survey of London; Rolls of Parliament; Report of Com mittee appointed by the Treasury in 1836 to inquire into the fees and emoluments of public offices; Sir Harris Nicolas s History of British Navy}. (F. w. R.) ADMIRALTY, IRELAND. For all executive functions Ireland is subject to the jurisdiction and orders of the lord high admiral, or lords commissioners for executing the office, of Great Britain. For judicial purposes, however, an admiralty court sits in the Four Courts, Dublin, having a judge, a registrar, a marshal, and other officers. In peace time and war time alike it exercises only an instance juris diction. No prize commission has ever issued to it. ADMIRALTY, SCOTLAND. At the Union, while the national functions of the lord high admiral were merged in the English office, there remained a separate court of admiralty, with subsidiary local courts, having civil and criminal jurisdictions in maritime questions. The separate courts were abolished in 1831, and their powers merged in the courts of session and justiciary, and the local courts. ADMIRALTY CHARTS. These useful aids to naviga tion are constructed in the hydrographic department of the British Admiralty, by specially-appointed surveyors and draughtsmen, and they are issued to the public by order of the lords commissioners of the admiralty. They are divided into various sections as follows : 1. English and Irish Channels and coasts of the United Kingdom; 2. North Sea and adjacent coasts; 3. Baltic Sea; 4. North and west coasts of France, Spain, and Portugal; 5. Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Sea of Azov; 6. Atlantic Ocean and Islands ; 7. Arctic Sea and north and east coasts of America ; 8. West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, &c. ; 9. South America, east coast; 10. West coasts of South and North Ame rica; 11. Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Red Sea, &c. 12. East Indies, Arabian coast, &c. ; 13. Indian Archi pelago, China Sea, Japan, <fec. ; 14. Australia, New Zealand, &c. ; 15. Pacific Ocean islands. They are about 3000 in number, of various sizes and scales, and the prices vary from 6d. to 10s. Accompanying the charts there are books of sailing directions, tables, and lists of lights. Similar charts as those of the British Admiralty are issued by the United States Coast Survey, as well as by the Russian and French governments. The superintendent of the United States Coast Survey issues an annual report, showing the progress of the survey, and containing much valuable information. ADMIRALTY ISLAND, an island belonging to the United States, about 90 miles long from N. to S., and 25 miles broad, lying between King George III. Archipelago and the mainland, in 58 N. lat, 134 W. long. Its coasts, which are generally steep and rocky, are indented with several accessible and commodious bays. The island has abundance of good water, and is covered with pines, which grow there to a very large size. ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, a group of about forty islands lying to the N.E. of New Guinea, between 2 and 3 S. lat, and 146 18 and 147 46 E. long. The largest is about 50 miles in length ; the others are very small, and all rise but little above the sea-level. Their exuberant vegetation, and in particular the groves of cocoa-nut trees, give them a very beautiful appearance. The islands were discovered by the Dutch in 1616, but. have seldom been visited, access being difficult on account of the surrounding reefs. The natives are tall, and of a tawny colour. ADOLPHUS, JOHN, historian and barrister, was born in London on the 7th August 1768. He was educated under the care of a grand-uncle, and after making a voyage to the West Indies was enrolled as an attorney about the year 1790. Called to the bar in 1807, he devoted him self to practice in criminal causes, and in a few years attained a leading position among Old Bailey counsel. His masterly defence of Thistlewood and the Cato Street con spirators, for which he had been retained only a few hours before the trial, did much to extend his reputation. He was very skilful in the management of his cases, but his hastiness of temper frequently led to unseemly altercations with other counsel. He held a good position in society, and was on terms of intimacy with the leading literary men of the day. The History of England from the Acces sion of George III. to 1783, which he published in 1802, was favourably noticed in the Edinburgh Ucview for its impartiality and accuracy. A new arid enlarged edition of this work, in eight volumes, was in preparation, but only seven volumes were completed when the author died, 16th July 1845. His other literary works were Bio graphical Memoirs of the French Revolution (1799); The British Cabinet (1799); History of France from 1790 to 1802 (1803) ; Memoirs of John Bannister. ADOLPHUS, JOHN LP:YCESTER, son of the above, also a distinguished barrister (died 1862), was the first to pierce the mask of the author of Waverley, in a series of critical letters addressed to Richard Heber, which he pub
lished in 1821.
