630 ALPS Auf der Stanz (Bucheben to Gastein), bridle-path 6,920 Tramerscharte (Rauris to Dollach), glacier..... 8,391 Klein Zirknitzscharte (Rauris to Fragant), snow 8,855 Mallnitzer Tauern (Gastein to Mallnitz), bridle-path 8,038 Arlscharte (St Johann in Pongau to Gmiind), footpath 7^499 Klein Elendscharte (Gustein to Gmiind), glacier 8,231 Dossner Scharte (Gmiind to Ober Vellach), snow 8,748 Toblacher Feld (Bruneck to Lienz), carriage road 3,951 Zochen Pass (l. ienz to Maria Lukau), footpath 7,394 Kotschach Sattel (Oberdraubtirg to Kotschach), carriage road 3,210 14. Styrian Alps. The boundary between the central range of lofty peaks that extends through Tyrol and the adjacent province of Salzburg, and the much lower masses that spread eastward through Styria to the frontier of Hungary, has been already fixed at the Arlscharte. On the east side of that pass the mass whose conspicuous summits are the Markkahrspitz and the Hafnereck is divided into two parallel branches that enclose between them the upper valley of the Mur. The northernmost of these ranges is cut through by the broad and deep valley, traversed by the road that leads from Liesing on the Enns to Leoben, which we have regarded as the limit between the Northern Noric Alps and the central mass. The eastern boundary of this division, which we at the same time regard as the proper limit of the Alps, is marked by the river Mur, which, after flowing eastward for about 100 miles to Bruck-an-dcr-Mur, turns southward, and finally joins the Drave in Hungary. The eastern limit of the Alps is completed by the depression between Spielfeld and Marburg, over which is carried the railway from Vienna to Trieste. The southern boundary of the central range is unmistakably marked by the great valley of the Drave. The whole of this region was, along with large portions of the adjoining divisions, included under the term Noric Alps by ancient geographers; but as the retention of that designation can only lead to confusion, we readily adopt the name Styrian Alps, proposed by Karl v. Sonklar, whose writings have done so much to increase our knowledge of the Eastern Alps. It must, however, be rpmarlred that the region above defined also includes a considerable district of Carinthia, along with a small part of the province of Salzburg, which extends to the head o f *V> -alley of the Mur. Excepting the com paratively higu raass in which that river takes its source, the summits of this region do not attain nearly so great a height as those of the other main divisions of the Alps, and only two or three reach the limit of perpetual snow. Chief Peeks of the Styrian Afys. Eisenhut 8,003 Wollaner Nock 7,019 Sirbitzkogel 7,863 San Alp 6,800 Ivor Alp 7,010 Rappenkogel 6,310 Obdaeber Speikkogel 6,625 Gleiualpen Speikkogel 6,508 JIarkkahrspitz 9,245 Hafnereck 10,044 Fascliaiiner Nock 9,130 Hoch Coiling 9,383 Predigtstnhl 8,834 Knallstein 8,511 Bosenstein 8,018 Hoch Reichart 7,900 Konigstuhl 7,648 Chief Passes in the Styrian Alps. Radstiidter Tauern (Radstadt to St Michael), carriage road 5,703 Katschberg (St Michael to Gmiind), carriage road 6,261 Windsfeld (Flachau to Zederhaus), footpath 7,037 Waldhornthcirl (Schladming to Tamsweg), footpath 7,437 Solkerscharte (Grobming to Murau), bridle-path : 5,767 Rottenmanner Tauern (Kottenmann to Judenburg), c. road.. .about 4,900 Turrach Pass (Feldkirchen to Tamsweg), carriage road 5,825 Fladnitz Pass (Friesach to Stadl), bridle-path 1 about 5,000 Perchauer Pass (Friesach to Scheitling), carriage road 3,274 Obdacher Sattel (Wolfsberg to Judenburg), carribge road 3,174 Stubalp Pass (Kofiach to Weisskirchen), carriage road 5,130 Die Pack (Ivollach to Wolfsberg), carriage road 3,870 Gleiualp Pass (Peggau to Knittelfeld), footpath about 5,500 15. South Tyrol and Venetian Alps. It has been seen that tho mountain zone on the northern side of the main range of Tyrol extends from the lake of Constance to near Vienna, with a remarkable uniformity both of general aspect and of geological structure, so that no reason much more valid than convenience could be assigned for form ing it into two separate divisions. The same remark does not hold good on the southern side of the main range. There is, indeed, a general similarity between the northern and southern zones, especially in their geological structure, so far as regards the sedimentary rocks; but in the western portion of the latter in the region lying between the Adige and the sources of the Piave the intrusion of igneous rocks on a large scale, and the accumulation of deposits formed from ejected volcanic matter, have pro foundly modified the structure and outward aspect of the country. Nowhere else in the Alps do the peaks rise so abruptly and with so little apparent connection, and nowhere are the contrasts depending on differences of geological structure so marked as those which strike the mere passing traveller, when, beside rounded masses of red and black porphyry, he sees white and pink crystalline dolomite limestone rising in towers and pinnacles of extra ordinary height and steepness. Dolomite limestone is found in many other parts of the Alps, but nowhere else is it developed on so grand a scale, and the exquisite beauty of this region has of late years led an increasing number of travellers to spots that before were scarcely known even to the inhabitants of adjoining valleys. Though there are abundant grounds for regarding the district here spoken of as a separate division of the Alps, it is very difficult to assign to it a satisfactory designation. The larger portion of the region has long been politically connected with Tyrol, and is partly inhabited by a German- speaking population, while the remainder has been poli tically connected with Venice, and the inhabitants are thoroughly Italian in language and manners. Vv r ere it not for a reluctance to introduce new and unfamiliar terms, the present division might be denominated Cimbric AIj)s, as, according to ancient tradition, the Cimbri, after their final defeat by Marius, sought and found a refuge in this part of the Alps; but for the present it seems best to designate as /South Tyrol and Venetian Alps the region lying between the valley of the Adige and the sources of the Drave and the Piave, and south of the great valley traversed by the Eisack and the Eienz between Botzen and Innichen. The eastern limit may best be fixed by the track leading through the Sextenthal from Innichen to San Stefano in the head valley of the Piave, and by the road from that place to Conegliano. Chief Pecd-s of the South Tyrol and Venetian Alps. Cima delle Dodici 7,651 C ima d Asta 9,132 Monte Pavione, or Col di Luna 7,877 Palle di S. Martino (?) 10,643 Cimon della Pala about 11 ,000 Monte Civetta 10,440 Pelmo 10,377 Sorapis 10,798 Antelao 10,679 Manuarolo above 10,000 Schlcrn 8,405 Rosengarten 10,163 Langkofel 10,392 Marmobta (?) 11,045 Monte Tofana 10,724 Croda Rossa, or Hohe Gaisl 10,202 Monte Cristallo 10,644 Drei Zinnen, or Cima di Lavaredo above 10,300 Dreischusterspitz 10,368 Cima di Posta 7,547 Covelalto about 7,500 Chief Passes in the South Tyrol and Venetian Alps. Piano delle Fugazze (Rovereclo to Schio), carriage road 4,117 Passo di Manazzo (Asiago to Levico), bridle-path 4,662 Caressa Pass (Botzen to Vigo di Fassa), bridle-path 5,966 Mahlknecht Pass (Vb ls to Campidello), bridle-path 7,016 Fedaya Pass (Val di Fas.sa to Caprile), footpath 6,884 La Co.stonzella (Paneveggio to Primiero), carriage road 6,657 Passo di Valles (Paneveggio to Cencenighe), bridle-path 6,877 Grodner Joch (St Ulrich to Bruneck), bridle-path 7,042 Campolungo (Corfara to Araba), bridle-path 6,200 Pordoi Pass (Gries to Araba), bridle-path 7,396 Passo dei Tre Sassi (Andraz to Cortina), carriage road 7,073 Monte Giau, or P. di Falzarego (Cciprile to Cortina), bridle path... 7,511 Peutclstein Pass (Niederndorf to Cortina), carriage road about 5,000 Passo delle Tre Croci (Cortina to Auronzo), bridle-path 5,970 Forcella Grande (Auronzo to San Vito), footpath 7,536 Kreuzberg (Innichen to S. Stephano), carriage road 5,361 1G. South-Eastern Alps. Ancient geographers, and those who have followed their example, use the terms Carnic Alps and Julian Alps to designate two of the main divi
sions of the Alps; but the latter of these at least has-
