Assembly of Divines at Westminster. The parts of the Assembly’s annotations upon the Bible which were executed by him are those on Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Lamenta- tions. At Westminster he disapproved of the introduction of the Covenant, and declared himself in favour of Episco- pacy. He was also one of the forty-seven London clergymen who disapproved of the trial of Charles I. He died in 1654. His principal works, besides Some volumes of sermons, are —On the Nature and Use of Lots, 1616, a curious treatise which gave rise to much controversy ; Dz'ssertat-io de Stylo Novi Testamenti, 1648; Cinnus, sive Adversaria Illz'scel- lanea, in, quibus Sacra: Scripturce primo, deinde aliorum Scriptormn, locis aliquam multis lux redditur, 1651, to which was afterwards subjoined Adversaria Post/mam ; and his edition of qurcus Antonimts, which, according to Hallam, is the “ earliest edition of any classical writer pub- lished in England with original annotations," and for the period at which it was written possesses remarkable merit. The best edition of his works is that published at Utrecht
in 1668.GATCHINA, a town of Russia, in the government of St Petersburg and district of Tsarskoselo, 29 miles W. of St Petersburg, in 59° 34' N. lat. and 30° 6' E. long. It is situated in a flat, well-wooded, and partly marshy district, and on the south side of the town are two lakes, distinguished as the White and the Black. Among its more important builings are the imperial palace, which was founded in 1770 by Prince Orlofl“, and executed according to the plans of the Italian architect Rinaldi, the four Greek churches, the Protestant church, a foundling asylum, a military orphanage founded in 1803 by Maria Feodorina, a school for horticulture, a public hospital for 1500 patients, founded by Paul 1., an asylum for the families of twenty blind men, and another for fifty poor peasants. In one of the Greek churches are preserved several relics originally brought from Rhodes to Malta by the grand-master Lille Adam ; and the so-called priory is shown where the knights of Malta assembled under the mastership of the emperor Paul I. Gatchina is a junction on the railway between St Petersburg and Warsaw, but its trade is of no great development. Among .the few industrial establishments is a porcelain factory. The inhabitants in 1860 num- bered 9184, of whom 2255 were members of the National Church, 1431 Protestants, 182 Catholics, and 50 Jews. By 1867 the total had sunk to 8337; but according to the St Petersburg Calendar for 1878 it has again risen to 8890.
GATES, Horatio (1728–1806), an American general, was born at Maldon in Essex, England, in 1728. He entered the English army at an early age, and soon obtained considerable promotion. He was severely wounded while accompanying General Braddock in his unfortunate expedi- tion against the French settlements on the Ohio in 1755, and he took part in the expedition against Martiuico in January 1762. After the peace of 1763 he purchased an estate in Virginia, where he resided till the commencement of the revolutionary war in 1775, when he was named by congress adjutant-general. In 1776 he was appointed to command the army on Lake Champlain ; but, his conduct there not having been approved of, he was superseded inZthe following spring; yet in August he was sent to oppose General Burgoyne, whom he totally defeated on the 16th of October, and compelled to surrender his whole army,— an achievement which was, however, largely due to the previous manoeuvres of Schuyler, whom Gates superseded. After obtaining the chief command in the southern districts, Gates was totally defeated at Camden, in South Carolina, by Lord Cornwallis, on the 16th of August 1780. On this account he was superseded by General Greene; but an investigation into his conduct terminated in acquitting him fully and honourany of all blame, on the ground that his defeat had been unavoidable in the disorganized state of the army under his command. After this he again retired to his Virginian estate, whence he removed to New York in 1800. On his arrival he was immediately admitted to the freedom of the city, and then elected a member of the State legislature. Before his departure from Virginia he granted emancipation to his slaves, accompanying their manumission with a provision for those who needed assist- ance. He died on the 10th of April 1806.
GATESHEAD, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, county of Durham, is situated on the right bank of the Tyne, opposite Newcastle, of which it practically forms a part, being united with it by three bridges. The town consists of two principal and nearly parallel streets, from which others diverge in various direc- tions. A great fire which occurred in 1854 was taken ad- vantage of for the carrying out of improvements in the old part of the town, and it is now much less crowded than for- merly. In the suburbs there are a considerable number of fine mansions. The parish church, recently restored, is an ancient cruciform edifice surmounted by a lofty tower; and several of the other churches and chapels are handsome buildings. The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, the Congregationalists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Roman Catholics are all represented. The town possesses a fine cemetery, a well laid out public park, a new town—hall, a grammar school, a hospital (St Edmund’s) for fifteen in- digent persons, a reformatory, a mechanics’ institute, and a dispensary. There are large iron works (including foundries and factories for engines, boilers, chains, and cables), shipbuilding yards, glass manufactories, chemical, soap, and candle works, brick and tile works, breweries and tanneries. The town also contains the principal depOt of the North-Eastern Railway, with large stores and loco- motive works. Extensive coal mines exist in the vicinity; and at Gateshead Fell are large quarries for grindstones, which are much esteemed and are exported to all parts of the world.
The large number of Roman relics found at Gateshead would seem to indicate that it was originally an outwork of the Roman station at Newcastle. The name is mentioned as early as 1080, and in 1164 the bishop of Durham granted to its burgesses equal privileges with those of Newcastle. On the dissolution of the see of Durham in 1552, an Act was passed for uniting the town to the borough of Newcastle, but on the restoration of the rights of the bishoprie it was again placed under that jurisdiction, being governed, from 1317 to 1695, with the exception of that short intermission, by a bailiff nominated by the bishop. From 1695 to 1826, when it became a municipal borough, it was governed by two stewards, eleeted by the inhabitants. Gateshead returns one member to parliament. The population of the municipal borough. which in 1861 was 33,587, was 48,627 in 1871.
GATH, one of the five chief cities of the Philistines. Its site appears to have been known in the 4th century, but the name is now lost. Eusebius (in the Onomastz'con) places it near the road from Eleutheropolis (Beit J ibrin) to Diospolis (Ludd) about 5 Roman miles from the former. The Roman road between these two towns is still traceable, and its milestones remain in places. East of the road at the required distance rises a white clifl', almost isolated, 300 feet high, and full of caves. On the top is the little mud village of Tell-es-Safi (“the shining mound”), and round it are the mounds which mark the site of the crusading castle of Blanchegarde (Alba Custodia), built in 1144. Tell-es-Safi was known by its present name as far back as the 12th century, but it appears probable that the strong site here existing represents the ancient Gath. The cliff stands on the south bank of the valley of Elah, and Gath appears to have been near this valley (1 Sam. xvii. 2, 52). The name Gath, meaning a “winepress,” designates several other places in Palestine.
