tinned item is the most considerable; the exports to England from Corufia alone having mounted in 1875 to 17,000 head, at an average value of £15. The chief 1m- perts are coal, iron, tobacco, and manufactured goods. Apart from the few carreteras reales or royal roads, which are, as elsewhere in the Peninsula, unexceptionable, the means of internal communication in Galicia are decidedly defective. The only railways are those betwixt Lugo and Cnrufia (61 miles), and betwixt Santiago and Carril (24;— miles). Another line, from Vigo to Orense, has been in course of construction for some time, and it is also proposed to connect Lugo with Astorga. Galicia has 10 cities and 115 towns. The capital is Santiago, which is also an arch- bishopric, with a population of 29,000. Lugo, Tuy, Mon- dofiedo, Orense, are also episcopal sees. The largest city is Coruiia, the seat of the audiencia (population about 40,000).
The others are Ferrol, Vigo, Betanzos, and Pontevedra.
Gallueia, the country of the Callaici or Gallaiei, seems to have been very imperfectly known to the earlier geographers. According to Eratosthenes the entire population of the peninsula were at one time called Galatze. The region properly called by their name, bounded on the S. by the Douro and on the E. by the Navia, was first entered by the Roman legions under Decius Junius Brutus in 137–6 b.c. (Livy, 1v., lvi., Epit.); but the final subjugation cannot be placed earlier than the time of Augustus. Under the Antonines, possibly even under Hadrian, Gall-.ecia and Asturia were created into a separate Provineia Ciesaris, having been regarded previously as merely a portion of Lusitania. On the partition of Spain, which followed the successful invasions of the Suevians, Alans, and Van- dals, Gallaecia fell to the lot of the first-named (411 a.d.). After an independent subsistence of nearly 200 years, the Suevian kingdom was annexed to the Visigothic dominions under Leovigild in 590. In 713 it was occupied by the Moors, who in turn were driven out of it about the year 731 by Alphonso I. of Asturias and his brother Fret-la, During the 9th and 10th centuries it was the subject of dispute between more than one count of Galicia and the suzerain, and its coasts were repeatedly ravaged by the Norsemen. When Ferdinand I. divided his kingdom among his sons in 1063, Galicia was the portion allotted to Garcia, the youngest of the three. Ten years afterwards it was forcibly reannexed by Garcia’s brother Alphonso, and thenceforward it remained an integral part of the kingdom of Castile or of Leon. The honorary title of count of Galicia has frequently been borne by younger sons of the Spanish sovereign. In the patriotic struggles of 1808 the junta of Galicia was an important part. For administrative purposes the ancient province has since 1833 been divided into four, namely, Coruña, Luge, ()i'ensc, and Pontevedra.
GALILEE (raiaaza, 542.1), the most northerly of the three provinces into which Palestine was at the Roman period divided, was bounded on the E. by the Jordan, on the S. by Samaria, on the W. by the Mediterranean, on the .\'.W. by Phœnicia, and on the N. by the Leontes, the extreme length being about 60 miles, the extreme breadth 30, and the area 1000 square miles. The Galilee thus defined, however, though doubtless the Galilee of Herod’s tetrarchy and of later centuries, was hardly that of ordinary parlance at the beginning of the Christian era. Josephus himself, while substantially giving these boundaries (B. J., iii. 3, 1, and elsewhere), yet incidentally in one place speaks of Upper Galilee as constituting the whole of Galilee proper (Ant. xx. (3, 1), and elsewhere in giving Xaloth (Iksal) and Dabaratta (Debi‘irieh) as boundary towns, seems to exclude from Galilee the plain of Esdraelon. In the early period of the history of Israel, the word 5‘53, or 71,223, meaning a circle, was hardly a proper name at all, but was applied to several districts with considerable generality. Thus in Josh. xiii. 2 and Joel iv. 4 reference is made to the “borders” or “coasts” (Geliloth) of the Philistines. In Josh. xxii. 10, 11, however, the “ Geliloth ” of Jordan means the plain of Jordan referred to in Ezekiel xlvii. 8 as “the eastern Gelilah” (compare Josh. xviii. 7 ); while in Josh. xx. 7, xxi. 32, hag—Gall] denotes the north portion of the territory of Naphtali westward of Merom, where Ifadesh, one of the six cities of refuge, lay. Here were Situated the twenty “ worthless” cities which Solomon gave to Hiram (1 Kings ix. 11 ; 2 Chr. viii. 2); and here, notwithstanding the conquests made successively by Joshua, several of the judges, David, and Solomon, the population seems to have retained a prevailineg ethnic character; for even in Isaiah’s time “ the land of Zebulun and the land of N aphtali ” is called “ Galilee of the Gentiles” (Isa. ix. 1). After the deportation by Tiglath Pileser (2 Kings xv. 29), in which it is to be presumed that chiefly Israelites were carried away, this ethnic character would most probably be intensified and extended rather than diminished either in area or in amount; and already in the time of the Maccabees, accordingly, we find the word apparently used in a considerably wider sense than in earlier times (1 Mace. v. 14, 15, x. 30; cf. Tob. i. 2). The later extension of the designation cannot be more particularly traced, but we know with considerable exactness what the limits were at the time :of the Talmudists. The southern boundary was defined by the towns of Bethshean (Beisz‘ui), Giutea (Jenin), Caphar Utheni (Kefr Adan), and by the ridge of Carmel; on the east the Jordan formed the limit; while on the west and north the line ran from Carmel to Accho (Akka),'and thence ascended eastwards by a great valley ust south of Achzib (ez Zib) extending 8 miles, past Kabartha (e1 Kabry), Gathin (J’athiin), and Beth Zanita (Zueinita), to Gelila (Jelil), where it turned north near M’alia, probably the Melloth which Josephus notices as on his boundary (B. J., iii. 3, 1). From Melloth it ran 12 miles north to K ania and Aiya (probably Kanah and ’Aiya), and then appears to have run east along a high ridge by Berii and Tirii (Berias and Tireh), and thence, after a course of 5 miles, it trendcd north—east by Tifiii (Tibnin), Sifneta (Safcd e1 Battikh), Ailshitha (’Atshith), and Aulam (Alnu‘m), arriving thus at the deep gorge of the Leontes. Turning cast it passed Migdol Kherub (e1 Khurbeh) and the “hollow of Ayun” (Merj ’Ayfin), past Takra (unknown) to Tortalga (“the snowy mountain,” or Hermon), and to Kisrin and the bounds of Iitir—- that is, to Caesarea Philippi (now Bani-as), and thus to beyond Jordan. The boundary between Upper and Lower Galilee was natural, being marked on the east by the town of Caphar Hananya (Kefr ’Anaii), situated at the foot of the high ridge which formed the actual line; Bersobe, on the same boundary (Josephus, B. J., iii. 3, 1), is not as yet known.
more or less disturbed by volcanic action. In the lower division the hills are all tilted up towards the east, and broad streams of lava have flowed over the plateau above the sea of Galilee. In this district the highest hills are only about 1800 feet above the sea. The ridge of Nazareth rises north of the great plain of Esdraelcn, and north of this again is the fertile basin of the Buttauf, separated from the sea- coast plains by low hills. East of the Buttauf extends the basaltic plateau called el Alnna (“the inaccessible ”), rising 1700 feet above the sea of Galilee. North of the Buttauf is a confused hill country, the spurs falling towards a broad valley which lies at the foot of the mountains of Upper Galilee. This broad valley, running westwards to the coast, is the old boundary of Zebulun—the valley of J iphthah-el (Josh. xix. 14). The great plain of Esdraelon is of triangular form, bounded by Gilboa on the east and by the ridge which runs to Carmel on the west. It is 14 miles long from J enin to the Nazareth hills, and has a mean measure- ment of 9 miles east and west. It rises 200 feet above the sea, the hills on both sides being some 1500 feet higher. The whole drainage is collected by the Kishon, which runs through a narrow gorge at the north-west corner of the plain, descending beside the ridge of Carmel to the sea. The broad valley of J ezreel on the cast, descending towards the Jordan valley, forms the gate by which Palestine is
entered from beyond Jordan. Mount Tabor stands isolated
