certain negotiations, and the public expression of popular enthusiasm in his favour. On his entrance into Turm, 29th April 18-18, there was a general ouburst of this enthustasm, mainly caused, it appears, by his unjust bamslnnent and by the large circulation of his books, especially the flesaita -llmlerno. The city was illuminated ; deputa- tions waited upon him; the king made hnn senator, but, having been returned both by Turm and by Genoa as deputy to the assembly of representatives, 110w first meeting under the new constitution, he elected to srt 1n the lower chamber, for his native town. Previous to the openlng he made a tour in various provinces, beginning at 31111111 and including Rome, where he had three intervxews with the liberal pope, who at that moment seemed to be the repre- sentative of his ideal imagined in the work Del Prmzato morale e civile, which Pius had read and admired. ll lnle he was engaged in this tour, constantly addressing the people publicly, the chamber met and elected hnn president. In the same parliament sat Azeglio, Cavour, and other liberals, and Balbo was prime minister. At the close of the same eventful year, a new ministry was formed, headed by Gioberti ; but with the accession of Victor Emmanuel in March 1849 his active life came to an end. For a short time indeed he held a seat in the cabinet, though without a. portfolio ; but an irreconcilable disagreement soon fol- lowed, and his removal from Turin was accomplished by his appointment on a mission to Paris, whence he never returned. There, refusing the pension which had been offered him and all ecclesiastical preferment, he lived frugally, and spent his days and nights as at Brussels 1n literary labour. Many other exiles gathered about lnm, and the Marquis Pallavicino became his bosom friend. He
died suddenly, of apoplexy, on the 26th October 185:2.
Gioberti's writings are more important than his political career. In the general history of European philosophy they stand apart. As the speculations of llosmiui, against which he wrote, have been called the last link added to medizeval thought, so the system of Giobcrti, more especially in his greater and earlier works, is unrelated to other modern schools of thought. It shows a harmony with the Roman Catholic faith which caused Cousin to make the superficial criticism that “Italian philosophy was still in the bonds of theology.” Method is with him a synthetic, subjective, and psychological instru- ment. He reconstructs, as he declares, ontology, and begins with the “ ideal formula,” “ the Ens ercates ex nihilo the existent.” He is in some respects a Platonist, and transplants certain dogmata from the ancient idealist. He identifies religion with civilization, and arrives in his treatise Dcl Primate morale c cirilc (lcgli Italz'ani at the conclusion that the clmrch is the axis on which the well- bcing of human life revolves. His later works, the Itinnorrmcnto and the Protologia, are sometimes thought to be less affirmative in this matter, and there is a division in opinion among his critics how far he. shifted his ground under the influence of events before he died. His first work, written when he was thirty-seven, had a personal reason for its existence. A young fellow-exile and friend. I’aolo I’allia, having many doubts and misgivings as to the reality of revelation and a future life, Gioberti at once set to work with La Tcorica rlrl Sorrannlztaralr’, which was his first publication (2 vols, 1838). After this the enormous labours of his pen made up for the lateness of his commencement as an author. Philosophical treatises in two or three volumes, which would occupy, generally speaking, half a lifetime, followed in rapid succession, each one being a corol- lary to the last. The Tcorz'ea was followed by Introzlazionc allo
- S'ta‘llo (lolla Filosofia in three volumes, passing through the press
111 1839-40. In this work he states his reasons for iequiring a new method. and new terminology. Here he brings out the doctrine that religion IS the direct expression of the idea in this life, and is one with true c1v1hzat10n m history. Civilization is a conditioned mediatetendepcy to perfection, to which religion is the final com- pletion it carried out ; It IS the end of the second cycle expressed by the second formula, the Ens redeems existenccs. Essays on the lighter and more popular subjects, Dal Belle and Del L’aono, tollowed the Introtlactzon, but were not published as a volume till BIG, having first appeared in connexion with the writings of other withers. Dcl Primate morale c civilc clcgli Italz'ani and the Pro- lrgomcni to the same, and seen afterwards his triumphant exposure of the J csults, Il flesuz'ta .llmlcrno, in five successive volumes (eight volumes altogether), began to be issued in 1843, and no doubt hastened the transfer of rule from clerical to civil hands. It was, as has been set-n. the popularity of these semi-political works, heightened by other cecasional political articles which fill two volumes, and by his It’z'mznramenlo cirilr' d’Italia, that cansul Gioberti to be welcomed with such enthusiasm on his return to his native country. All these works \verc perfectly orthodox, and aided in drawing the liberal clergy into the movement which has resulted since his time in the unification of Italy. The Jesuits. ho“ - ever, closed round the pope more firmly after his return to Home, and in the end Gioberti’s writings were placed on the India; although with no unfavourable result as far as their lllllllcnt't: is concerned. The remainder of his works llCt d not be p:u'ticulari2cd, although they give his mature views on many points, especially La 1"i10sq/ia (lr'lla Itircluzionc and the I’rolologfa. The entire writings of Gioberti, including those left in manuscript, have been carefully edited by Giuseppe. Massari in thirty-six volumes.
Sec Massari, It’lcordi Biogra/ici e Carlo/git) (Napb s, 1563); Letters (Ii I'inecnzo (liobcrti c Giorgio I’allur.’riuo .\li‘-m, 1573); llcv. C. B. Smyth, Christian chtapllysics (London, 155] .
GIOJA, Melchior (1767–1828), a distinguished Italian writer on philosophy and political economy, was born at Piaeenza in 1767. He was educated at the celebrated college of St Lazaro in his native town, and showed special fondness for the philosophical sciences. Apparently he had been destined for the church, but he seems to have given up at an early period the study of theology, and after completing his course at the College spent Some years in retirement. His first work was the philosophical treatise Il naovo Galrttco (1802), which was followed by the Loglca .5'talistlca. The arrival of Napoleon in Italy drew Gioja into public life, He advocated warmly the establishment of a republican government, and under the (‘isalpine Republic he was named historiographer and director of statistics. Afterthe fall of Napoleon he retired into private life, and does not appear again to have held oflice. He died in 1828. Gioja’s fundamental idea is the value of statistics or the collection of facts. Philosophy itself is w ith him classification and consideration of ideas. Logic he re- garded as a practical art, and his Jz'scrcfn'oui Leg/{cl has the further title, -lrt oftlcriz'z'ng benefit from z'll-ronsh-m-tczl tool's. In ethics Gioja follows Bentham, and his large treatise 1).! .llerz'to e (lolle Recompcnse, 1818, is a clear and systematic view of social ethics from the utilitarian principle. In poli- tical economy this avidity for facts produced better fruits. The Naovo I’rospetto (lellc Sclenx Economic/w, 6 vols.. 1815—17, although long to excess, and m‘erburdcncd with classifications and tables, contains much "aluable material. In particular, Gioja must be credited with the finest and most original treatment of division of labour since the Wealth of Nations. Much of what Babbage taught later on the subject of combined work is anticipated by Gioja. II is theory of production is also deserving of attention from the fact that it takes into account and gives due 1)]‘UlnlllClll't‘ to immaterial goods. Throughout the work there is ('ull- tinuous opposition to Smith. Gioja’s latest work Film-glitz Ilella Statistic-a, 1828, contains in brief Compass the essence of his ideas on human life, and affords the clearest insight into his aim and method in philosophy both theoretical and practical.
A notice of Gioja's life is given in the 2d edition of the Files-«yin, dclla Statistica, 1829. See Ferri, Essai sar l'lu'stuirc (la la I’lu'l. tilItala'c au 191116 Siérle, 1869.
immediate celebrity, was born in Naples, son of a vet y indifferent painter, Antonio, who imparted to him the first rudiments of drawing. Nature predestined him for the art, and at the age of eight he painted a cherub into one of his father’s pictures, a feat which was at once noised abroad, and which induced the viceroy of Naples to recmnmcnd the child to Spagnoletto. His father afterwards took him to Rome, to study under Pietro da Cortona. He acquired the nickname of Luca Fa-presto (Luke W ork-fast). One might suppose this nickname to be derived merely from the almost miraculous celerity with which from an early age and
throughout his life he handled the brush ; but it is said to
