entered the Venetian senate at an early age. He served on several important diplomatic missions both to France and Home, and about 1485 became one of the council of ten. llis orations and letters were published in 1492; but his title to any measure of fame he possesses rests upon his history of Venice, De Origine Urbis l'enctlarum rel/ample "(0 {pm gestis historic (1492), which was translated into ltalian by Domenichi in 1545, and which at the time of its appearance was undoubtedly the best work upon the subject of which it treated. It is to be found in vol. i. of the 7'kes.mrus of Grazvius. (4.) Pietro, also a senator, lived in the 16th century, and wrote an IIislaria rerum l'encturum in Continuation of that of Bernardo. He was also the author of chronicles De Gestis Pctri .llocem'gi and De Bella l'vuetarum cum Carola VIII. The latter has been re-
printed in the Script. 13cm It'll, vol. xxi.Of the Genoese branch of the family the most prominent members were the following. (1.) Paolo, di Moniglia (1444–1502), a member of the order of Dominicans, was, from a comparatively early age, prior of their convent at Genoa. As a preacher he was very successful, and his talents were fully recognized by successive popes, by whom he was made master of the sacred palace, inquisitor-general for all the Genoese dominions, and ultimately bishop of Scio and Hungarian legato. He was the author of a number of Biblical commentaries (no longer extant), which are said to have been characterized by great erudition. (2.) Agostino (1470–1536), was born at Genoa, and spent some wild years in Valencia, Spain. Having in 1487 joined the Dominican order, he gave himself with great energy to the study of Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic, and in 1514 commenced the preparation of a polyglot edition of the Bible. As bishop of Nebbio in Corsica, he took part in some of the earlier sittings of the Lateran council (1516–17), but, in consequence of party complications, withdrew to his diocese, and ultimately to France, where he became a pensioner of Francis I., and was the first to occupy a chair of Hebrew and Arabic in the university of Paris. After an absence from Corsica for a period of five years, during which the visited England and the Low Countries, and became acquainted with Erasmus and More, he returned to Nebbio about 1522, and there remained, with comparatively little intermission, till in 1536, when, while returning from a visit to Genoa, he perished in a storm at sea. He was the possessor of a very fine library, which he bequeathed to the republic of Genoa. Of his projected polyglot only the Psalter was published (Psalterimn IIelernm, G-rreczmz, .lrabicum, ct f’luzlvla/cmn, Genoa, 1616). Besides the Hebrew text, the LXK. translation, the Chaldee paraphrase, and an Arabic version, it Contains the Vulgate translation, a new Latin translation by the editor, a Latin translation of the Chaldee, and a collection of scholia. liustiniani printed 2000 copies at his own expense, including fifty in vellum for presentation to the sovereigns of Europe and Asia; but the sale of the Work did not encourage him to proceed with the New Testa- ment, which he had also prepared for the press. Besides an edition of the book of Job, containing the original text, the Vulgate, and a new translation, he published a Latin version of the More]; Name/aim of Maimonides (Director Dallelmtium (mt [’eryrlexorum, 1520), and also edited in Latin the .Iurrus Libellus of [Encas Platonicus, and the Tunceus of Chalcidius. His annals of Genoa ( C'rtstzyrltissi911i (uznvtli di J'enava) were published posthumously in 1537.
The name Giustiniani has also been borne by the follow- 1ng:—(1.) Pompeio (1569–1616), a native of Corsica, who served under Alessandro Farnese and the marquis of Spinola in the Low Countries, where he lost an arm, and, from the artificial substitute which he wore, came to be known by the soubriquct Bras de Fer. He also defended Crete against the Parks ; and subsequently was killed in a reconnaissance at Frinli. He left in Italian a persmial narrative of the war in Flanders, which has been repeatedly published in a Latin translation (Bel/um llclg/irr/m, Antwerp, 1609). (2.) Giovanni (1513–1550), born in Candia, translator of Terences .-lmlr1'a and lz'muu-lms, of Cicero's In l'crrcm, and of Virgil's -L'mltl, 1. viii. (3.) Orsatto (1538–1603), Venetian Senator, translator of the (Iii/jars Tyrannus of Sophocles, and author of a collection of Rime, in imitation of Petrarch. He is regarded as one of the latest representa- tives of the classic Italian school. (4.) Geronimo, a Genoese, flourished during the latter half of the 10th century. He translated the slices-(is of Euripides and three of the plays of Sophocles; and wrote two original tragedies, Jeplde and Christa in I’assimze. (5.) Vincenzo, who in the beginning of the 17th century built the Roman palace and made the art-collection which are still associated with his name (see Galleria Giustinimm, Home, 1631). The collection was removed in 1807 to Paris, where it was to some ex- tent broken up. In 1815 all that remained of it, about 170 pictures, was purchased by the king of Prussia and rcmtwed to Berlin, where it forms a portion of the royal museum.
GIVET. one of the strongest fortified towns of 1’ rance, on the Belgian frontier, situated in the department of Ardennes, on the river Meuse, 40 miles N..\'.E. cf )Iezieres. The Eastern French railway connects it with Illieims, and the Belgian railways connect it with Namur and Charleroi. It is divided into three portions—the citadel called Charlemont, and Grand Givet on the left bank of the river, and on the opposite bank Petit Givct, connected with Grand Givet by a stone bridge cf live arches. The citadel of Charlemont, built by the empcror Charles V. in 1555, is situated at the top of a precipitous rock 705 feet high, and on the east side, by which alone it is accessible, is fortified by six bastions and several other works. Grand Givet has four bastions and three ravelins, and Petit Givet 3 bastions. The fortress has accommodation ft ~r 25,000 men, but can be held by 3000 or 4000. The town is famed for its clay tobacco-pipes. There are also mann- factures of nails, lead pencils, sealing wax, white lead. glue, earthenware, and leather, and the town has Some trade. The population in 1876 was 527-3.
GIVORS, a town of France, department of Rhone, is situated on the Rhone and the canal, of Ilive-de—Gicr, near the railway between Lyons and St Etienne, 1-1- miles South of Lyons. It has glass and tile works, pottcrics, tanneries, foundries, silk factories, and dyeworks, and is the prin- cipal entrepOt for the coal and coke of the Gier valley. Near it are the ruins of the chateau of St Gerald and of the convent of St Ferreol. Papulation (1876), 10,856.
GLACIER,[1] a name given to a mass of ice, having it..- origin in the hollows of mountains where perpetual snow accumulates, but which makes its way down towards the lower valleys, where it gradually melts, until it terminates exactly where the melting, due to the contact of the warmer air, earth, and rain of the valley, compensates for the bodily descent of the ice from the snow reservoirs of the higher mountains.
The diminution of temperature as we ascend the slopes of mountains, is indicated by successive zones of vegetation, and finally by the occurrence of perpetual snow (see (Geology, p. 260). It was first shown by Baron Humboldt and You Buch that the limit of perpetual snow depends principally on the temperature of the summer, and not upon that of the whole year.
- ↑ The following are synonyms. in diITc-rrnt languages and dialects :— French, glacier; German, f]l(t$€,lé‘r; Italian, ghiaccirg'a; Tyrolesc, fern; in Carinthia, Lass ; in the 'Valais, bieyaa; in part of Italy, rcdrcttu; in Piedmont, 'ru’:c ; in the Pyrenees, slrncz'lle ; in Norway, {islrw or it's-’n'tzlc; in Lapland. {/L‘I'l'n/t owing/21a: in Iceland, jiilul' or fall-jb'hzll.
