longing to Gothenburg consisted on January 1, 1878, of 65 steamships of 21,215 tons, and 156 sailing vessels of 63,913 tons. The exports in 1877 amounted in value to £2,437,200. These included 8,107,326 cubic feet of deals, boards, and battens (6,021,546 cubic feet to England); 6,065,408 cubic feet of pit-props and other timber, besides 7,246,056 pieces of oak and other staves, and laths and carpenters’ work valued at £80,083 ; 90,460 tons of iron and steel (62,480 tons to England) ; 333,194 quarters of grain, chiefly oats (265,655 quarters to England) ; also beans and pease, lucifer matches, 2667 head of cattle, and 38,578 cwts. of butter. The imports in the same year amounted to £3,865,000, chiefly made up of cotton (14,540,996 lb) and cotton yarn (3,608,355 lb), wool and woollen yarn (3,397,757 Tb), raw sugar (17,289,777 11)), refined sugar (6,512,919 lb), cofl‘ee (8,239,346 lb), molasses (4,883,021 Tb), rice (3,246,247 lb), olive oil (2,443,804 11)), salt (796,208 cubic feet), coal and coke (246,205 tons), iron rails (32,059 tons), petroleum (13,243,408 11)), hides (2,346,577 lb), and paper (712,538 11)). Under the peculiar licensing system initiated in Gothenburg October 1, 1865, the town authorities contract for three years with a limited company, which takes the whole number of licences for selling brc'indin, and hands over to the town treasury the net proceeds of its trade. These amounted to £40,103 in the year ending October 1, 1876, when the company sold 383,561 gallons of spirits, 178,133 gallons of which were consumed on the public—house premises, and realized a gross profit of £52,850. The licences issued have been reduced from 119 in 1865 to 56 in 1876. All “bars ” are closed from 6 RM. on Saturday to 8 A.1\I. on Monday, and in the period 1866—76 apprehensions for drunkenness have on the average decreased 22 per cent., though since 1870 there has been a slight increase (in 1876, 2357 persons were fined), usually attributed to the higher rate of wages and the greater efficiency of the police. The population of Gothenburg, including suburbs, was 71,707
in 1877.
Founded by Gustavus Adolphus in 1619, Gothenburg was from the first designed to be fortified, a town of the same name founded on IIisingen (an island 44 square miles in area between the two arms of the Gotha river) having been destroyed by the Danes during the Calmar war. From 1621, when it was first chartered, it steadily increased, though it sutl'ered greatly in the Danish wars of the last half of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, and from several extensive confiagrations (the last in 1813), which have de- stroyed important records of its history. The great development of its herring fishery in the latter part of the 18th century gave a new impulse to the city‘s trade, which was kept up by the influence of the “ Continental System," under which Gothcnburg became a depét for the colonial merchandise of England. After the fall of Napoleon it began to decline, but since its closer connexion with the interior of the country by the Gotha Canal (opened 1832) and \Vestern Railway it has rapidly advanced both in population and trade. It is expected that the great line now in course of construc- tion through the mining districts will very greatly increase the im- portance of Gothenburg. Since the demolition of its fortifications in 1807, it has been defended only by the two rcdoubts of Billingen and Rye. Rabbe. Gothenburg was the birthplace of the poet Bengt Lidner, and of two of Sweden's greatest sculptors, F ogelbcrg and Molin. After the French Revolution Gothcnburg was for a time the residence of the Bourbon family.
see Octavia Carlén, Gb'lr-borg: Beskrifm'ng oft-Pr stutter; och (less niirmaste otygglfningar (Stockholm, 1869), and the works therein cited; also J. llellstenius, .\ agre blud ur Goteborg! historia (ib. 1870); Axelson and Pabst, .S'veriges,zradcts— trirlla etablissementer (fl). 1870, at seq); W. Malm, Beskrifmng b'fvpr segelleden iron Stockholm kanalvagar (ill Goteborg (to. 1873). llidrag (ill kdmwdom om Goteborg: och Bohualiins fornminnen och historic, published by the Economic society of the liin (Gothenb. and Stockh., 1874 et seq), and Goteborgs Kulendm', a yearly publication.
GOTHOFRED or Godefroy, the name of a noble French family, of which many members attained distinction as jurists or historians.
The first whose name is associated with the active study of jurisprudence, at the close of the 16th century, was Denis Godefroy (1549–1621). He was born at Paris, and studied law at the universities of Louvain, Cologne, and Heidelberg. Having embraced the Reformed religion, he found Geneva a safer abode than Paris, and became pro- fessor of law there. Some years afterwards he obtained a public appointment in one of the districts in the J ura, but was driven from his home by the troops of the duke of Savoy and retired to Basel. Thence he was induced by the offer of a chair of lloman law to go to Strasburg, but soon changed his appointment for one at Altorf, which then pos- sessed a university celebrated for its late professor of law, Donucau. In 1600 the elector palatinc appointed him professor of Roman law in Heidelberg, where he spent the greater portion of the remainder of his life, and was placed at the head of the faculty of law. The most flattering offers from several universities failed to induce him to leave his adopted country, but the invasion of the Palatinate by Tilly’s troops forced him to take refuge again at Strasburg, where he died in 1621. His most important work is his edition of the Corpus J art's. The text given by him was very generally adopted and used in quotation. More than twenty editions of the work were published in various towns of France, Germany, and Holland. Godefroy’s other writ- ings are very numerous; but they are for the most part either editions of classical authors or compilations which display great industry and learning, but are of little use to the modern student.
Theodore Godefroy (1580–1649), the eldest son of Denis, forsook the religion which his father had adopted, and obtained the office of historiographer of France, as well as several important diplomatic posts. IIis historical works are very numerous. The character of his labours will be judged from the title of his most elaborate pro- duction—Le Ceremonial de France. Many of his smaller works are devoted to questions of genealogy.
Jacques Godefroy (1587–1652), the younger brother of Theodore, has a real claim to the remembrance of students of the history of Roman law, in his edition of the Theodossz Code, at which he laboured for thirty years. It was this code, and not the Corpus J m'is prepared under the direc- tion of Justinian, which formed the principal, though not the only source from which the lawyers of the various countries which had formed the Western empire drew their knowledge of Roman law, at all events until the revival of the study of law in the 11th century at Bologna. Hence Godefroy’s edition was of real value. Jacques Godcfroy also completed the difficult and useful task of collecting and arranging those fragments of the Twelve Tables which can be discovered, and so an important step was taken towards representing the lloman law in its first definite form. His other works are very numerous, and are prin- cipally devoted to the discussion of various points of Roman law. He died in 1652, having served the republic of Geneva both as its principal magistrate and in undertaking important missions to the court of France.
A list of the works of the various members of the family of Godefroy, whose activity extends over a period of nearly 200_years, may be found in the Biographic (J’énéralc, and fuller particulars of its history in Morcri’s Dictiommirc historiquc.
needs to be marked out with special care, both on account of various lax popular uses of the Gothic name, and also on account of much legendary history and many rash ethnological speculations, ancient and modern, which have gathered round the true history of the Gothic people. An ignorant age used the words Goth and Gothic as vague names of contempt for anything that was thought rude and barbarous. A hardly less ignorant but better disposed age used the word Gothic in an equally vague way, but without the same feeling of contempt, for anything which was
thought to be mediaeval or “ romantic,” as opposed to
