are present; yttrium, for instance, has been found in girnets from Brevig, Norway. Three principal groups have been recognized, called, according to their chief sesquioxidc basic components, alumina. iron, and chrome garnets, which have the general formula lt"3Al._,.Si50,2, ]t”3Fe2.Si3Olg, and lt",,C‘r2.Si30m, respectively. These are further classed, by the predominance of one or other of their contained pro- toxides, into numerous subordinate groups, as lime-alumina garnet, Ca3Al2.Si3012, e.g., grossularite, topazolite, and essonite; magnesia-alumina garnet, comprising pyrope, the typical specimens of which contain a small percentage of chromium; iron-alumina garnet, e.g., almandite, common girnet in part, and allochroite ; manganese-alumina garnet, as spessartite and romanzovite; lime-iron garnet, which includes andradite, melanite, or black garnet, which may be titaniferous, as at Frascati, and pyreneite, aplome, and common garnet in part ; lime-magnesia-iron garnet (CaMg)3Fe2.Si3O,._,, or bredbergite; and lime-chrome garnet, or ouvarovite. Colophouite, a yellow—brown to honey-yel— low or almost pitch-black mineral, with a resinous lustre, cunmonly considered to be a lime-iron garnet, according to Wichmanu and Des-Cloiseaux must be regarded as for
the most part granular vesuvian.
Garnet is a wide-spread mineral, and is found in micaccous, talcose, chloritic, and hornblendie schists, and in sycnitic gneiss, syenite, granite, dolomite, and crystalline limestone ; sometimes as pyrope, in serpentine; also in fclspar-porphyry,‘and in volcanic rocks. In Cornwall it is met with chiefly in greenstonc, or in close proximity thereto. It is an essential ingredient of the rock eklogite. Grossularite, a greenish to grey-green garnet, is found at ltezbanya in Hungary, and the \Vilui rivcr, Siberia; topazolite and essonite at Mussa, Piedmont, the latter also in Ceylon, Picd- mont, and Elba; pyrope in Bohemia, and at Z'oblitz in Saxony; and almandite in Ceylon, Pegu, Brazil, and Greenland. Spessartitc is obtained at Haddam, Ct., and elsewhere; melanite in Vesuvian and other lavas; aplome at Brcitcnbrunn and Schwarzenberg in Saxony; the fine green garnet onvarovite chiefly at Saranovskaja, 14 versts from Bisscrsk in the Urals, and at New Idria in California; and white garnet in the Urals. Numerous other localities for garnet might be mentioned. Precious garnet, almandite or alman- dine (so termed, it is said, from being cut at Alabauda in Carin, whence the appellation nlabamlicu-s employed by Pliny), essonite -0r cinnamon-stone, grossularite, grossularia, or gooscberry stone, and pyrope or Bohemian garnet are. the varieties of the mineral employed as gems. They are shaped by means of garnet powder or emery on a copper wheel, and polished on lead with tripoli. Carbuncles are almadinc garnets cut on cabochon; when of large size, and free from black spots, they may be worth as much as £20 apiece. The deep red or precious garnet often has a density close to that of the ruby, for which stone it has been sold. The Syriam or Pegu garnets, possibly the mnctlzystizontas of Pliny (Nat. 1! ist, xxxfli. 25), commonly designated amethystine or oriental garnets, vary in colour from a deep red to a violet-purple, and may oceur 3 inches in diameter. They are usually cut with four large and four small facets, and may fetch very high priees, a single speci- men, of a fiery-red hue, measuring 1 inch by 1% inch, having been sold for £40, and another, of octagonal form, for £140. Pyrope is a dark hyacinth-red to blood-red gem, much esteemed in Austria, Transylvania, and Turkey. Viewed by transmitted light it appears of ayellowish-red tint, more especially at the edges. Essonitc, yellow to hyacinth—red in colour, is a softer and more fusible garnet than the other kinds used in jewellery. It is commonly called hyacinth, and has frequently been mistaken, as also sold, for true hyacinth or yacmth, which is a zirconium silicate, and may be distinguished by its density of 405-475, that of essonite being about 3'60-3'66. The garnet was much used as a jewel in ancient times. Antique intaglros on garnet are recognized by their usually fragmentary condition, due to their brittleness, and by a softness of colour, im- parted to them by time, which defies imitation by even the ablest artists (Castellani). 'l‘hc bust of Hadrian in the Odescalchi museum, the Venus Genetrix in the cabinet of Abbé Pullini at Turin, and the representation of Sirius on the celebrated Marlborough stone, are among the finer examples of engraving in garnet. Garnet, where abundant, has been used in the smelting of iron ores. For leislling purposes it is sometimes substituted for cincrv. The large dull-coloured “carbunculus of India," according to Pliny (LA), used to be hollmvcd out into vessels that would hold as much as a pint. Garnet has been obtained as a furnace-product, and otherwise artificially. “'hat is known as “white garnet” is the mineral leucite. "
Sec Bischof, Chemical Geology, vul. ii. chap, xxxiii., and vol. iii. p. 348 ; C. l".. Kluge, HIM. d. Elclsz‘m'nhmde, Leipsic, 1860; Emanuel, Diamonds and Precious Stones, 3d cd., 1867; A. Schrauf. 11:11). (I. lz'tltlsI‘ iukimdc, Vienna, 1869; A. L'astcllnni, (Imus, 1571; J. D. Dana, A System qf .lliucralogy, 5th cd., pp. 265—72, New York, 1874 ; C. F. Naumunn, Elcmento (161‘ .‘llinmulngin, 10th cd., by Dr F. Zirkel, pp. 532—5, Leipsic, 1877. On so-called garnets from the river Bobrowska, Urals, see Church, illz'ncralog. Mug. ii., 187‘), p. 191.
GARNIER, Germain (1754–1821), an able writer on political economy, was born at Auxerre, on 8th November 1754. He was educated for the law, and obtained when young the office of procurem' at Chatelet. He acted for some time as secretary to Mme. Adelaide, aunt of Louis XYL, and by his fine presence and manners acquired con- siderable reputation and power at court. On the calling of the states-general he was named as deputy for Chatelet, and in 1790 he appears to have been a member of the mom archical club in Paris. After 1792 he withdrew to the Pays de V and, and did not return till 1795. In public life, however, he seems to have been singularly fortunate. In 1797 he was on the list of candidates for the Directory ; in 1800 he was prefect of Seine et Oise ; in 1804 he was made senator; and from 1809 to 1811 he acted as president of the senate. After the restoration he obtained a peerage, and on the return of Louis XVIII., after the Hundred Days, he became minister of state and member of privy council. He died at Paris, 4th October 1821. Garnier was somewhat advanced in years before he began to take any interest in political economy ; his previous efforts in literature had been of an altogether different kind. At court he was, when young, noted for his facile power of verse-writing, and he translated Mrs Radcliffe and Mrs Montague.
Garuier is best known by his admirable translation, with notes and introduction, of Smith’s Ichlth of .Nations (lst cd 1805, 2d ed. 1822), and by his Histoz'rc do In JIonnaic (2 vols, 1819), which contains much sound and well-arranged mateiial. His Abra/.5 (I: \ Prz'ncipes do l'ls'con. I’olit. (1796) is a very clear and instructive manual. Of high value also is the Description géographiquc, physz'qzw, ct politiquc du départc mcnt dc Scinc-ct-Oisc (1822), drawn up from his instructions. Other weiks are De la Prqn'z'été (1792), and 11 istoz'rc dos Banques d'Escomptc (1806).
