The chief sources for the facts of his life are his own letters, those of Adam de Marisco, the History of Matthew Paris, and the Annals of Dunstable. Of his works, a fragment of the De Cessations Lcgalium was printed in London, 1658 ; a selection of his letters was printed by E. Brown in the Appendix to his Fasciculus Rerum Expcteiularum et Fugiendarum, 1690, and a complete edition in the Rolls series of chronicles and memorials, 1861, by H. R. Luard. Brown printed also some of his sermons. The tract DC moribus pueri ad mensain was printed by W. de Worde, and that "De phisicis, lineis, angulis, et figuris per quas omnes actiones naturales complentur " at Nuremberg, 1503; and ethers of his mathematical treatises are in print. His French poem Le Chastcl d Amour, and an English version called The Castcl of Love, have been printed for the Caxton and Philological Societies. Separate lives of him have been written by Samuel Pegge, 1793, and G. G. Perry, 1871. Complete lists of his works are given by Oudin, Tanner, Fabricius, &c. In Pegge s life, the list fills 23 quarto pages.
GROSSETO, a town of Italy, at the head of the province
of the same name, is situated in the Maremma district, near
the right bank of the Oinbrone-Senese, with a station on
the railway between Florence and Rome. It is well built
and surrounded with solid walls about 2 miles in circuit,
and among its public edifices is a spacious cathedral
with a marble facade ; but the principal interest of the
place results from the great hydraulic labours by which
the surrounding swamp the Lacus Prelius of Cicero
has gradually been drained and rendered capable of tillage.
Drinking water, of which the town was formerly almost
destitute, has been supplied by an artesian well of enor
mous depth, bored since 1833. About 3^- miles to the
N.E. lie the sulphurous baths of Roselle (Aquae Ihisel-
lamm), and about 2 miles further off are the ruins of the
ancient Etruscan city of Rusellie, the walls of which are
about 2 miles in circumference. Roselle continued to be
inhabited till the close of the 1 3th century, but its unhealthi-
ness gradually constrained the inhabitants to remove to
Grosseto, which is first distinctly mentioned in 830 in a
document of Louis L, and became a bishop s see in 1138.
For some time Grosseto was under the sway of the Aldo-
brandini family, and it was afterwards subject to the
republic of Siena, which treated it badly. Francis I.
furnished it with a fortress and walls, and Ferdinand I.
made it a regular place of arms. At present the climate
is so unhealthy in summer that the provincial authorities
remove to Scansano. The population of Grosseto in 1871
was 3290 in the town proper, 4151 including the suburbs,
and 6316 in the commune.
GROSSI, Tommaso (1791-1853), Lombard poet and
novelist, was born at Bellano, on the Lake of Como, January
20, 1791. He took his degree in law at Pavia in 1810,
and proceeded thence to Milan to exercise his profession ;
but the Austrian Government, suspecting the young bar
rister s loyalty, interfered with his prospects, and thus it
happened that Grossi was a simple notary all his life.
That the suspicion was well grounded he soon showed by
writing in the Milanese dialect the battle poem La
Prineide, in which he described with vivid colours the
tragical death of Prina, chief treasurer during the empire,
whom the people of Milan, instigated by Austrian agi
tators, had torn to pieces and dragged through the streets
of the town (1814). The poem, being anonymous, was
first attributed to the celebrated Porta, but Grossi of his
own accord acknowledged himself the author. In 1816
he published other two poems, written likewise in Milanese
The Golden Rain (La Pioggia d Oro) and The Fugitive
(La Fuggitiva). These compositions secured him the
friendship of Porta and Manzoni, and the three poets came
to form a sort of romantic literary triumvirate. Grossi
took advantage of the popularity of his Milanese poems
to try Italian verse, into which he sought to introduce the
moving realism which had given such satisfaction in his
earliest compositions ; and in this he was entirely successful
with his poem Ildegonda (1814). He next set about writing
an epic poem, entitled The Lombards in the First Crusade, a
work of which Manzoni makes honourable mention in his
Betrotlied. This composition, which was published by
subscription (1826), attained a success that has not been
equalled by that of any other Italian poem within the
century. The example of Manzoni, who had meanwhile
published The Betrothed (1827), induced his friend Grossi
to enter the same arena with an historical novel entitled
Marco Visconti (1834) a work which contains passages of
fine description and deep pathos. A little later Grossi
published a tale in verse, Ulrico and Lida, but with this
publication his poetical activity ceased. After his marriage
in 1838 he continued to employ himself as a notary in
Milan till his death on December 10, 1853.
GROSSWARDEIN (Hungarian, Nagy-Várad), a royal
free city, and capital of the county of Bihar in the Trans-Tibiscan circle, Hungary, is situated in a beautiful plain on
the banks of the river Sebeskoros, 47 3 N. lat., 21 53 E.
long. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic and of a Greek
(Old-United) bishopric, of a royal court of justice, of the
county assizes, and of a board of assessment, and is the
headquarters of the divisional regiments and militia(AoHZ <?(/).
The town consists of Nagy-V&rad proper, with Vdrad-Olaszi,
Vdrad-Velencze, and V&rad-VAralja. The streets and
squares are well laid out, and adorned with many fine
public and private buildings. Among these are sixteen
Roman Catholic churches, of which the most striking is the
cathedral ; two Calvinist, one Lutheran, one Old-United
and two Orthodox Greek churches, and a Jews synagogue.
The other noteworthy edifices comprise the county and
town halls, two episcopal palaces, chapter and clergy
houses, hospitals, cloisters belonging to the Compassionate
Brothers, and a convent for Ursula nuns, several manu
factories, a large and handsome railway station, a prison,
and barracks. Among the educational establishments are
the royal law academy, a Roman Catholic gymnasium and
seminary for the education of priests, a Calvinist school,
and a gymnasium for adherents of the Old-United or
Catholic Greek confession, two institutes for training
teachers, a military academy, a real-school, and an orphan
asylum. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in industrial
and commercial pursuits ; and the neighbourhood yields a
good supply of wine, fruit, and agricultural produce. The
great fairs periodically held in the town attract strangers
from a considerable distance. Grosswardein is the point
of junction of the Alfold-Fiume, Tibiscan, and Hungarian
Eastern railroads. Not far from the town are the much-
frequented warm springs of Piispokfiirdo (Bishop s-bath).
In 1870 the population was 28,700, of whom the majority
were native Magyars, the rest chiefly Germans and Wallachs.
Grosswardein is one of the oldest towns in Hungary. Its Roman Catholic bishopric was founded by St Stephen of Hungary at the commencement of the llth century. It was there that peace was concluded on 24th February 1538, between Ferdinand I. of Austria and his rival John Zapolya, waiwode of Transylvania. In 1556 it passed into the possession of Transylvania, but afterwards reverted to Austria. In 1598 the fortress was unsuccessfully besieged by the Turks ; in 1660, however, it fell into their hands, and was ceded to them by the treaty of Vasvar (Eisenburg), 10th August, 1C64. In 1692 it was recovered by the Austrians. The Greek Old-United or Catholic bishopric was founded in 1776. From its vicinity to Debreczin, the temporary seat of the Hungarian revolutionary government during the early part of the year 1849, Grosswardein became for a time invested with additional importance, as the depository of the state archives, bank-note press, and arms manufactory.
GROTE, George (1794-1871), the historian of Greece, eminent also as a philosopher, a politician, and a labourer in the advancement of university education, was born on the 17th of November 1794, at Clay Hill, near Beckenham in Kent. He drew his lineage from a Dutch, or, more strictly speaking, a Low German family. The name (Groot,
