GUALDO TADINO, a town of Italy, in the province of Perugia and circondario of Foligno, with a station on the line from Ancona to Rome about 58 miles from the former city. It is picturesquely situated in the lap of the Apennines on the post-road that leads to the Furlo Pass. The cathedral and several of the other churches possess paintings by Nicolo and Matteo da Foligno of the 15th century. In 1871 the inhabitauts of the commune numbered 7799. Gualdo has inherited the distinctive epithet of Tadino (which prevents it being confounded with Gualdo neir Macerata, or Gualdo Cattaneo near Spoleto) from the ancient Roman town of Tadinum, the ruins of which, dis- covered in 1750, are situated in the vicinity, not far from the church of Sta Maria Tadina. It was near Tadinum that Narses gained his famous victory over Totila in 552. Recovering from the effects of the Gothic and Lombard invasions, the town, which even then was defended by walls, became for a time an independent commune; but it ulti- mately passel under the control of Perugia. In 1815 it was incorporated with the Roman States, and in 1833 it was made a city by Gregory XVI.
GUALEGUAY, a town of the Argentine republic, department of Entre-Rios, is situated on the Gualeguay river, which falls into the Parana, aud is navigable up to this point, 120 miles N.N.W. of Buenos Ayres. It isa prosperous and increasing town, and has an active shipping trade in beef, mutton, hides, woul, tallow, and timber. In 1874 the total value of exports was £268,970. The population is about 10,000.
GUALEGUAYCHÚ, a city of the Argentine republic, department of Entre-Rios, is situated on the Gualeguaycht river, which there falls into the Uruguay, 120 miles north of Buenos Ayres. Like Gualeguay, it depends for its pro- sperity chiefly on ths sheep and cattle grazed in the neighbouring country, and its export trade includes beef, mitton, hides, wool, tallow, and bone manure. The total valuz of the exports in 1874 was £163,968. The population is about 20,000.
GUAMANGA. See Huamanga.
GUAN, a word apparently first introduced into the ornithologist’s vocabulary about 1743 by Edwards,[1] who said that a bird he figured (Nat. Hist. Uncommon Birds, pL. xiii.) was “so called in the West Indies,” and the name has hence been generally applied to all the members of the Subfamily Penelopinw, which are distinguished from the kindred Subfamily Cractne or Curassows by the broad postacetabular area of the pelvis, as pointed out by Prof. Huxley (Pros. Zool. Society, 1868, p. 297), as well as by their maxill: being wider than it is high, with its culmen depressed, the crown feathered, and the nostrils bare—the last two characters separating the Penelopince from the Oreophisine, which form the third Subfamily of the Crarnde,[2] a Family belonging to that taxonomer’s division Peristeropodes[3] of the Order Galline.
The Penelopine have been separated into seven genera, of which Penelope and Ortalida (properly Ortalis), containing respectively about sixteen and nineteen species, are the largest, the others numbering from one to three only. Into their minute differences it would be useless to enter: nearly all have the throat bare of feathers, and from that of many of them hangs a wattle; but one form, Chame- petes, has neither of these features, and Steguolema, though wattled, has the throat clothed. With few exceptions the Guans are confined to the South-American continent ; one species of Penelope is however found in Mexico and at Mazatlan, Pipile cumanensis inhabits Trinidad as well as the mainland, while three species of Ortalis occur in Mexico or Texas, and one, which is also common to Venezuela, in Tobago. Like Curassuws, Guans are in great measure of arboreal habit. They also readily become tame, but all attempts to domesticate them in the full sense of the word have wholly failed, and the cases in which they have even been induced to breed and the young have been reared in confinement are very few.[4] Yet it would seem that Guans and Curassows will interbreed with poultry (Ibis, 1866, p. 24; Bull. Soc. Imp. d’Acclimatation, 1868, p- 559; 1869, p. 357), and what is more extraordinary is that in Texas the hybrids between the Chiacalacca (Ortalis vetula) and the domestic Fowl are asserted to be far superior to ordinary Game-cocks for fighting purposes. More information on this subject is very desirable.
of ruminant animals which represent in South America the camels of the East, and which resemble them in the posses- sion of canine teeth in both lower and upper jaws. ‘The Guanaco is the largest species, standing nearly 4 feet high at the shoulders. It isan elegant creature, with gracefully curved neck and long slender legs; its body is covered with long soft hair of a fawn colour above and almost pure white beneath. It is found throughout the southern half of South America, from Peru in the north to Cape Horn in the south, but occurs in greatest abundance in Patagonia. It lives in herds usually of from six to thirty, although these occa- sionally contain several hundreds, while solitary individuals are sometimes met with. They are exceedingly timid, and therefore wary and difficult of approach ; like many other ruminants, however, their curiosity sometimes overcomes their timidity, so as to bring them within range of the hunter’s rifle. Their cry is peculiar, being described by Cunningham (Natural Listory of the Strac of Magellan, 1871) as something between the belling of a deer and the neigh of a horse. The chief enemies of the guanaco, according to the same authority, are the Patagonian Indians and the puma, as it forms the principal food of both. Its flesh is palatable although wanting in fat, while its skin forms the chief clothing material of the gigantic Patagonians. According to Darwin, who studied it in its native wilds, the guanaco is readily domesticated, and in this state be- comes very bold and will attack man, striking him from behind with both knees. In the wild state, however, they never seek to defend themselves, and if approached from different points, according to the Indian fashion of hunting them, they get completely bewildered and fall an easy prey. They take readily to the water, and have been observed swimming from one island to another, while Byron in his Narrative states that he has seen them drinking salt-water. They have a singular habit of dropping their dung during successive days on the same spot—a habit which is greatly appreciated by the Peruvian Indians, who use those
deposits for fuel. They seem also to have favourite locali-
- ↑ E.lwar.ls also gives ‘‘ Quan” as an alternative spelling, and this may be nearer the original form, since we find Dampier in 1676 writing (Voy., ii. pt. 2, p. 66) of what was doubtless an allied if not the same bird as the “‘ Quam.” The species represented by Edwards does not seem to have been identified by the latest authorities.
- ↑ See the excellent Synopsis, extensively laid under contribution for this article, by Messrs Sclater and Salvin in the Proceedings of the Zylozical Society for 1870 (pp. 504-541), while further information on the Cracine has since been given by the former of those gentlemen in the Zransactions of the same society (ix. pp. 273-288, pls. xL-liii.). Some additions have since bcen made to the knowledge of the family, but none of very great importance.
- ↑ It would be here out of place to dwell upon the important bearings on the question of geographical distribution which the establishment of this division has tended to shew. For this reference must be made to Prof. Huxley’s original paper (wé supra), or to the epitome of it given in the Zovlogical Record (v. pp. 34 and 99)
- ↑ Cf. Dixon (The Dorecote and the Aviary, pp. 223-273, London, 1857), who argues that the reported success of the Dutch towards the end of the last century in domesticating these birds was an exaggera- tion or altogether a mistake. His two chapters are well worth reading.
