brewers, &c., and for numerous other minor uses. The manufactures which arise in connexion with human hair are more peculiar than important, although occasionally fashions arise which cause a large demand for human hair. The fluctuations of such fashions determine the value of hair ; but at all times long tresses are of con siderable value. Grey, light, pale, and auburn hair are distinguished as extra colours, and command much higher prices than the common shades. The value of hair also increases very rapidly with increase in length. Thus while 8- inch hair sells at about Is. per oz., 36-inch hair will command a price as high as 30s. per oz. Lengths beyond 36 inches are exceptional and command fancy prices, the standard length in the hair trade being 18 inches. The light-coloured hair is chiefly obtained in Germany and Austria, and the south of France is the principal source of the darker shades. In the south of France the cultivation and sale of heads of hair by peasant girls is a common practice; and hawkers attend fairs for the special purpose of engaging in this traffic. Hair 5 and even 6 feet long is sometimes obtained. Scarcely any of the " raw material " is obtained in the United Kingdom except in the form of ladies "combings." Bleaching of hair by means of peroxide of hydrogen is now extensively practised, with the view of obtaining a supply of golden locks, or of preparing white hair for mixing to match grey shades ; but in neither case is the result very successful. Human hair is worked up into a great variety of wigs, scalps, artificial fronts, f rizzets, and curls, all for supplementing the scanty or failing re sources of nature. The plaiting of human hair into articles of jewellery, watch guards, &c., forms a distinct branch of trade. For structure, properties. &c., of the human hair
see Anatomy, vol i. p. 898.HAIRBELL. See Harebell.
HAIR-TAIL (Trichiurus lepturus), a marine fish, with a long band-like body terminating in a thread-like tail, and with strong prominent teeth in both jaws. Several species are known, of which one, common in the tropical Atlantic, not rarely reaches the British Islands.
HAITI. See Hayti.
HAJDÚK, sometimes corrupted into Hayduke, is the plural form of the Magyar word Hajdú, and was formerly used as the collective name of the undermentioned towns (along with Vamos-Percs, population 3000) of the old privileged Hajduk district of Hungary, now included in the county of Hajdu.
Hajdú Böszörmény, the second town in importance of Hajdu county, lies about 1 1 miles to the N. W. of Debreczin, 47 41 N. lat., 21 31 E. long. It is the seat of a royal court of law, and was formerly the capital of the Hajduk district. Among the principal buildings are the old district court-house, a Greek Catholic and two Calvinist churches, a Protestant gymnasium, the post and telegraph offices, and the savings bank. The fairs periodically held in the town attract people from a considerable distance. Population (1870) 19,208.
Hajdú-Dorog is a market-town situated about 10 miles to the N. of Boszormeny, with a Greek Catholic and a Calvinist church. At Dorog the Magyar adherents of the Greek Catholic Church are met with in great numbers. Population 8216.
Hajdú-Hadház is a corporate town lying about 10 miles N of Debreczin. It has a Calvinist church, post and telegraph offices, and a station on the railway from Nyiregy- haza to Debreczin. Population 7024.
Hajdú-Nánás is a market-town, about 24 miles N.N.W. of Debreczin, with a large Calvinist church, a high school for girls, and a Protestant gymnasium. The surrounding country, although on the whole productive, assumes in the west a generally swampy character. Population 13,198.
Hajdú-Szoboszlo is a corporate town, 12 miles to the S.W. of Debreczin, with which it is connected by railway. Among the principal buildings are a Calvinist church and school, and a royal law-court. Population 12,269.
The Hajdiik district was made over to the Hajdiiks in 1605, with special privileges and the rights of nobility, by the Transylvanian prince Stephen Bocskay, as a reward for military service rendered him in his revolutionary campaigns. The inhabitants were con- tinned in their possessions by the diet of 1613. From 1849 to 1860 the district was united to the county of North Bihar, but it afterwards homing counties of Szabolcs and Bihar. Debreczin is the capital, and the population is computed at about 163,000, mostly Magyars.
HÁJÍPUR, a municipal town in Muzaffarpur district, Bengal, situated on the east bank of the Garidak, a short distance above its confluence with the Ganges opposite Patna, 25 40 50" N. lat., 85 14 24" E. long. It is said to have been founded about 500 years ago by one Haj{ Ilyas, the supposed ramparts of whose fort, enclosing an area of 360 bighds, are still visible. Hajipur figures con spicuously in the history of the struggles between Akbar and his rebellious Afghan governors of Bengal, being twice besieged and captured by the imperial troops, in 1572 and again in 1574. Its command of water traffic in three directions makes the town a place of considerable com mercial importance. Within the limits of the old fort is a small stone mosque, very plain, but of peculiar architecture, and attributed to Hajf Ilyas. Two other mosques and a small Hindu and Buddhist temple are in the town or its immediate vicinity. Besides the ordinary courts, the town contains a school, post-office, charitable dispensary, and distillery. The population in 1872 numbered 22,306, of whom 18,765 were Hindus and 3510 Mahometans.
HAJJI KHALFA. Mustafa ’bn Abdallah, Kátib Chelepí (c. 1600–1658), commonly known as Haji (or Hadji) Klialfa (more properly Hajji Khalifah), was the author of an encyclopaedia in Arabic of Oriental biography and biblio graphy. He was born at Constantinople about the beginning of the 17th century of the Christian era, and after passing the earlier part of his life in military service, studied under Cadhizadeh Effendi, a learned doctor at the Ottoman capital, and made great progress in Arabic literary and linguistic studies. In June 1633 he again accom panied the army to Syria, but while the troops were in winter quarters at Aleppo, he himself performed the pilgrimage to Mecca, whence he took the cognomen of Hajji, "Pilgrim." Returning in 1635 to Constantinople, he resumed his literary studies, and occupied himself with visiting all the libraries and book shops, and compiling an inventory of their contents, together with notices of the authors of the various works. In 1638 he attended the lectures of Sheikh A raj Mustafazadah, whom he pro posed to himself as an example to imitate in his future literary career. Besides his purely literary studies he also devoted himself assiduously to the sciences, and became well versed in logic, geometry, geography, astronomy, and the like. Nor were medicine and the occult sciences neglected by him, so that there were few of the subjects treated of in the works which he delighted to describe with which he was not more or less technically acquainted. About 1648 he was appointed assessor (khalifa) to the principal of the imperial college, whence he took the title of Khalfa, by which, with the prefix of Hajji (Pilgrim), he is commonly designated. He died in September 1658.
Besides his great Bibliographical Lexicon, he composed several other works, chiefly geographical and historical ; of these the best known are Takwimu ttawdrikh or "Chronological Tables," Tulifat cl Kubar fi asfdri Buluir, a work on the science of naval warfare, J<;Juin Nwnd or "Mirror of the World," and one or two treatises on miscellaneous literary subjects. The language in which he wrote is Arabic, and the style is that which the nature of his studies would
