was subdued in 1478 by Archbishop Ernest, who in order to hold it in cheek built the castle of Moritzburg. Notwithstanding the efforts of the archbishops of Mainz and Magdeburg, the Refor mation found an entrance into the city in 1522; and in 1541 a Lutheran superintendent was appointed. After the peace of Westphalia in 1648 the city came into the possession of the house of Brandenburg. In 1806 it was stormed and taken by the French, after which, at the peace of Tilsit, it was united to the new kingdom of Westphalia. After the battle between the Prussians and French, May 2, 1813, it was taken by the Prussians. The rise of Leipsic was for a long time hurtful to the prosperity of Halle, and its present rapid increase in population and trade is principally due to its position as the centre of a network of railways.
See Dreyhaupt, Ausfiihrlichc Beschreibung des Saalkrcises, Halle, 2 vols., 1755 (2d edition, 1771-73; 3d edition, 1842-44); Hoif- bauer, Gcschichte der Universitdt zu Halle, 1806 ; Halle in Vorzeit und Gegenwart, 1851 ; Knauth, Kurze Gcschichte und Beschreibnng der Stadt Halle, 3d edition, 1861 ; Vom Hagen, Die Stadt Halle, 1866- 67 ; Hertzberg, Gcschichte der Vereinigung der Universitdtcn von Wittenberg und Halle, 1867; Voss, Zur Gcschichte der Aiitonomie der Stadt Halle, 1874 ; A. Kirchkoff, ; Ueber die Lagenverhalttiisse der Stadt Halle," in Mittheilungen des Vercins fur Erdkunde zu Halle, Halle, 1877.
HALLECK, Fitzgreene (1790–1867), an American poet, was born at Guildford, Connecticut, July 8, 1790. By his mother he was descended from John Eliot, the " Apostle of the Indians." At an early age he became clerk in a store at Guildford, and at eighteen he entered a banking-house in New York. Having made the acquaint ance of Joseph Kodmafi Drake in 1819, he assisted him under the signature of "Croaker junior "in contributing to the New York Evening Post the humorous series of "Croaker Papers." In 1821 he published his longest poem, Fanny, a satire on local politics and fashions in the measure of Byron s Don Juan. He visited Europe in 1822-23, and after his return published anonymously in 1827 a volume of poems in which were included " Alnwick Castle" and "Burns." From 1824 to 1849 he was confiden tial agent of John Jacob Astor, who named him one of the trustees of the Astor Library, and left him an annuity of 200 dollars, on which he retired to Guildford, where he lived with an unmarried sister. In 1864 he published in the New York Ledger a poem of 300 lines entitled " Young America." He died at Guildford, November 19, 1867. The poems of Halleck are written with great care and finish, and manifest the possession of a fine sense of harmony and of genial and elevated sentiments.
Editions of his poems appeared in 1836, 1842, 1849, 1858, and 1860. He is also the author of an edition of Byron with notes and a memoir, and of two volumes of Selections from the British Poets. His Life, by J. G. Wilson, appeared in 1869.
HALLECK, Henry Wager (1815–1872), an American general, was born at Waterville, Oneida county, New York, January 15, 1815. After studying a short time at Union College, he in 1835 entered the West Point military academy, whence he was in 1839 promoted to the army as second lieutenant in the corps of engineers, being at the same time appointed assistant professor of engineering at the academy. In the following year lie was made an assistant to the board of engineers at Washington, and from 1841 to 1844 he was employed in connexion with the fortification of New York harbour. In 1845 he was sent by the Government to examine the principal military establishments of Europe, and during his absence he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. After his return he in the winter of 1845-46 delivered at the Lowell Insti tute, Boston, a course of twelve lectures on the science of war, published in 1846 under the title Elements of Military Art and Science, and republished with additions in 1861. On the outbreak of the Mexican war in 1846 he as military engineer accompanied the expedition to California and the Pacific coast, where he distinguished himself not only as an engineer but by his administrative skill as secretary of state, and by his presence of mind and bravery in several skirmishes with the enemy. In 1847 his services were recognized by promotion to the rank of captain. He conv tinned for several years to act on the staff of General Riley in California, holding at the same time the office of secre tary of state of the province ; and he took a leading part in framing the State constitution of California, on its being admitted into the Union. In 1852 he was appointed inspector and engineer of lighthouses, and in 1853 he was promoted captain of engineers. He, however, in 1854 resigned his commission in order to devote his chief atten tion to the practice of law, which he had already for some time carried on ] and so great was his success in his profession that the firm of which he was senior partner soon obtained one of the largest legal businesses in the State. He was also from 1850 director of the New Almaden quicksilver mine, and in 1855 he became president of the Pacific and Atlantic Railroad from San Francisco to San Jose. On the out break of the civil war he was in August 1861 appointed major-general of the United States army, and in the follow ing November was appointed commander of the western department, where he conducted the campaign with great energy and with such uniform success against the Con federates that in 1862 they evacuated Corinth, which they had strongly fortified. In July of the same year he was appointed general-in-chief of the armies of the United States a position he held till March 1864, when he was suc ceeded by Grant and was appointed chief of the staff. In April 1865 he held the command of the military division of the James and in August of the same year of the military division of the Pacific, which he retained till March 1869, when he was transferred to that of the south, a position he held till his death at Louisville, January 9, 1872.
Besides his work on the Science of War, General Halleck was the author of Bitumen, its Varieties, Properties, and Uses, 1841 ; The Mining Laws of Spain and Mexico, 1859 ; a translation of De Foo/, On the Law of Mines, with an introduction, 1860; International Lav-, 1861 ; a translation of Jomini s Life of Napoleon, 1864 ; and a Treatise on International Laiv and the Laws of War, prepared far the use of Schools and Colleges, 1866.
greatest of the anatomists and physiologists of the 18th century, was born of an old Swiss family at Bern, October 1 6, 1708. Prevented by long-continued ill-health from taking part in boyish sports, he had the more opportunity for the development of his precocious mind. At the age of four, it is said, he used to read and expound the Bible to his father s servants ; before he was ten he had sketched a Chaldee grammar, prepared a Greek and a Hebrew vocabulary, com piled a collection of two thousand biographies of famous men and women on the model of the great works of Bayle and Moreri, and written in Latin verse a satire on his tutor, who had warned him against a too great excur.siveness. When stiil hardly fifteen he was already the author of numerous metrical translations from Ovid, Horace, and Virgil, as well as of original lyrics, dramas, and an epic of four thousand lines on the origin of the Swiss confederation, writings which he is said on one occasion to have rescued from a fire at the risk of his life, only, however, to burn them a little later (1729) with his own hand. Haller s attention had been directed to the profession of medicine while he was residing in the house of a physician at Biel after his father s death in 1721 ; and, following the choice then made, lie while still a sickly and excessively shy youth went in his sixteenth year to the university of Tiibingen (December 1723), where he studied under Camerarius and Duvernoy. Dissatisfied with his progress, he in 1725 exchanged Tubingen for Leyden, where Boerhaave was in the zenith of his fame, and where Albinus had already begun to lecture in anatomy. At that university he graduated in May 1727, undertaking successfully in his thesis to prove that the so-
called salivary duct, claimed as a recent discovery by
