Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/453

HAMPSHIRE 431 and at one time it was famed for its pigs. The honey of the county enjoys a special celebrity. The number of cattle has increased with the improved facilities for railway transport, and in 1879 was 66,059, or an average of 9 3 to every 100 acres under cultivation, as compared with 16 9 for England and 21 for the United Kingdom. Of these the number of cows and heifers in milk or in calf was 35,128. The cattle are of no distinctive breed. The number of horses, to the breeding and rearing of which much attention is paid, was 29,247 in 1879, or an average of 41 to every 100 acres under cultivation, as compared with 4 - 5 for England and 4 1 for the United Kingdom. The number of sheep in 1879 was 552,041, or an average of 78 2 to every 100 acres under cultivation, as compared with 75 3 for England and 6S for the United Kingdom. The original breed was white-faced with horns, but most of the flocks now are of a Southdown variety which j have acquired certain distinct peculiarities, and are known as : "short wools " or " Hampshire downs." The number of pigs in 1879 was 57,122, or an average of 8 to every 100 acres, as com- ] pared with 7 2 for England and 6 7 for the United Kingdom. The j breeding and fattening of pigs has long been a most important part j of Hampshire industry. The original breed of pigs has been im- | proved by crossing with Berkshire, Essex, and Chinese pigs. In the vicinity of the forests the pigs are fed on acorns and beechmast, and the pork of those so cured is considered the best, although the reputation of the Hampshire bacon depends chiefly on the skilful manner in which it is cured. According to the Landowners Eeturn of 1872-73, the land was divided between 27,472 proprietors, holding land the gross annual value of which was 2,469,124. Of the owners 77 per cent, possessed less than one acre, and the average all over was 2, 10s. 2^d. There were no fewer than 35 proprietors holding upwards of 5000 acres, viz : Earl of Portsmouth, 16,401 ; Duke of Wellington, 15,847; Lord Ashburton, 15,330; Sir William Heathcote, Bart, 14,189; Lord Bolton, 13,808; Melville Portal, 10,566; Earl of Carnarvon, 9294 ; Lord Northbrook, 9236 ; Earl of Normanton, 9236 ; Lord Henry Scott, 8922 ; executors of John B. W. Fleming, 3843 ; Sir J. B. Simeon, 8724 ; Thomas Chamberlayne 8535 ; Thomas Thistlethwayte, 8084 ; Thomas Earing, 8058 ; Sir J. C. Jervoise, 7877 ; College of Winchester, 7269 ; Sir H. A. Tichborue, 7270; Sir Henry Mildmay, 6762; Crown Property, 6554; H. P. Delme, 6258; Rev. Thomas Best, 6184; F. J. E/Jervoise, 6183; W. W. B. Beach, 6099 ; Dean and Chapter of Westminster, 5837 ; W. F. Cowpcr-Temple, 5780 ; John Bonham Carter 5621 ; John Morant, 5596 ; W. H. Kingsmill, 5361 ; Lord Heyteslmry, 5195 ; Edgar A. Drummond, 5155; W. H. S. Stanley, 5150; William H. Iremonger, 5103 ; Edward Knight, 5044 ; Lady Jane Mill, 5040. Manufactures and Trade. The manufactures are unimportant except those carried on at Portsmouth and Gosport in connexion with the royal navy. There are large steam docks and an exten sive shipping trade at Southampton. In many of the towns there are breweries and tanneries, and paper is manufactured at several places. Fancy pottery and terra cotta are made at Fareham and Bishop s Waltham ; and Ringwood is celebrated for its knitted gloves. At most of the coast towns fishing is prosecuted, and there are oyster beds at Hayling Island. Cowes in the Isle of Wight is the station of the royal yacht squadron and has building yards for yachts and large steamers. The principal bathing-places, besides those in the Isle of Wight, are Southsea, Southhaylinp, Bourne mouth, and Anglesea, a suburb of Gosport. At Portsmouth there is a convict prison, at Parkhurst a prison for convict boys, and at ildershott a large military camp. Railways. The London and South- Western Railway enters the county at Farnborough, passing by Winchester and from thence to Southampton, a branch diverging from Bishopstoke to Gosport, and again to Portsmouth, Havant, and Emsworth,rmthe South Coast Rail way, by a branch from Fareham. A branch of the Great Western from Reading joins the South-Western at Basingstokc, about a mile south-west from which a line diverges to Whitchurch, Andover, and Salisbury. The Guildford and Reigate branch of the South Coast Railway communicates with Alton and New Alresford, 6 miles west of which it joins the South-Western. Southampton communicates with Dorchester by the Dorchester Railway which, after branch ing to Lymington, passes Ringwood, from which there is another branch to Christchurch and Bournemouth. Another line connects Southampton with Salisbury, and from this line a branch 4 miles north of Romsey communicates with Andover. Adminittntiion.JlB,mTpahire, including the Isle of Wight, com prises 38 "hundreds," 10 "liberties," 1 city, that of Winchester 16,366), which is also a municipal and parliamentary borough ; 5 other boroughs which are both municipal and parliamentary, viz., Andover (5744), Lymington (5356), Newport (8522), Portsmouth 113,569), and Southampton (53,741) ; 2 parliamentary boroughs, viz., Christchurch (15,415) and Petersfield (6104) ; and 3 municipal boroughs Basingstoke (5574), Romsey (2056), andRyde (11,260). 1 or parliamentary purposes Hants is formed into three divisions viz., North Hants, South Hants, and the Isle of Wight. Win chester which returns 2 members, and Andover and Petersfield which return 1 member each are in the northern division, which returns in all 6 members ; in the southern division are included the boroughs of Christchurch and Lymington returning 1 member each, and the boroughs of Portsmouth and Southampton returning 2 each, and it returns in all 8 members ; the Isle of Wight returns 1 member, and also contains the borough of Newport returning 1 member. The total representation of the county is thus 16 members. The county has one court of quarter sessions, and is divided into 14 petty sessional divisions. The city of Winchester, and the boroughs of Andover, Portsmouth, and Southampton (a county of it self), have commissioners of the peace and separate courts of quarter sessions ; and the boroughs ot Basingstoke, Newport, Romsey, and Ryde have commissions of the peace. In the borough of Lymington the mayor and ex-mayor are magistrates, and the county justices have concurrent jurisdiction. The county is included in the western circuit, and ecclesiastically is almost entirely in the diocese of Winchester. Population. The total population of the county amounted in 1841 to 354,682, in 1851 to 405,370, in 1861 to 481,815, and in 1871 to 544,684 (males, 275,393; females, 269,291). The increase in 30 years from 1841 has been 54 percent, and since 1801 it has been 97 per cent. The excess of males over females is accounted for by the naval and military establishments situated in the county. In 1871 the mainland portion contained a population of 478,465, and the Isle of Wight 66,219. History and Antiquities. Before the Roman invasion the Welsh Celts of Hampshire had been driven out or subdued by incursions of Gauls, who first took possession of the country round Winchester to the west of the great forest of Andresweald, stretching into Hampshire from Sussex, and gradually occupied the greater part of the southern shires from Surrey and Sussex to Devon. It was probably during this prolonged contest that the intrenched camps were formed at Beacon Hill, Bury Hill, Danebury, Quarley Mount, and Worldbury Mount. The Gauls whom the Romans found in South Britain were divided into three tribes the Jlcgni on the coast, the Belyce in the middle, and the Atrcbatcs in the north. Their chief town occupied the site of the modern Winchester, and was known as Vcnta Uc-jfirum by the Romans, who made it one of their principal stations. From it roads, traces of which may yet be seen, were constructed to Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), Silchester, and Southampton, and to Porchester (Portsmouth) and Chichester. Next to Vcnta Bclgarum the most important Roman station in Hampshire was Calkva (probably Silchester), where there are yet very extensive remains ; traces of a large station (Clauscntwii) are still to be seen at Southampton ; at Portsmouth portions of an old Roman fort are incorporated in the castle of Porchester ; at Broughton, near Stockbridge, slight traces of a station are still visible ; and an intrenchment at Egbury Hill, near Whitchurch, is regarded by some as the remains of the ancient Vindomis, although others place the site of that town at Silchester. Even before the Roman conquest of Britain the southern shores of England had teen frequently attacked by Saxon pirates, and afterwards, in 475, the warriors Hengist and Horsa had succeeded ultimately and with great difficulty in establishing themselves in Kent ; but the real conquest of southern Britain was accomplished by a Saxon tribe called Gcrvissa or Gervissi, who about the year 495, under Cerdic and his son Cynric, landed from five ships on the shores of South ampton Water, and concluded a stubborn contest by defeating the Britons at Charford in 519, from which period is generally elated the origin of the kingdom of Wessex, which had for its capital Winchester, then known as Wintanceaster or Winteceaster. The establishment of the bishop s see at Winchester, after the conversion of King Kynegils of Wessex about 635, falls more appropriately to be noticed in the article on that city. In 755, according to the Saxon chronicle, Sigebert, king of Wessex, was deprived by the witan of the whole of his kingdom, with the exception of Ifamtanscire, the first time that the name occurs. Hampshire played a prominent part in the contest with the Danes or North men, who about 860 stormed Winchester, but were afterwards worsted, in 871 defeated Ethelbert at Basing, and in 878 compelled King Alfred to retreat to the woods and fastnesses. The devasta tion of the Isle of Wight by the Danes in the reign of Ethelred II., and the other historical events connected with that island, will be noticed in the article WIGHT, ISLE OF. Under Edward the Con fessor and Harold II. the seat of government had been transferred from Winchester to Westminster, but the honour was again restored to Hampshire by William the Conqueror, who made Winchester his principal residence, and for the purposes of sport devastated a large part of the county to form the New Forest. The superstitious fancies of the time traced a necessary connexion between this violent exercise of his prerogatives and the sudden death of his sons and grandson within the boundaries of the scene of his ruth less devastations: his son Richard was smitten with sudden death in the New Forest while hunting ; a second Richard, a natural son of Robert his eldest son, met his death there accidentally ; and William Rufus, his eldest son and his successor, while hunting

within it was shot by an arrow in 1100. The loss which the shire