the side. The brim, consisting of three thicknesses of calico cemented together, is now slipped over and brought to its position, and thereafter a second side-piece and another crown are cemented on. The whole of the body, thus prepared, now receives a coat of size, and subsequently it is varnished over, and thus it is ready for the operation of covering. In eovering this body, the under brim, generally of merino, is first attached, then the upper brim, and lastly the crown and side sewn together are drawn over. All these by hot ironing and stretching are drawn smooth and tight, and as the varnish of the body softens with the heat, body aud cover adhere all over to each other without wrinkle or pucker. Dressing and polishing by means of damping, brushing, and ironing, come next, after which the hat is ‘‘velured” in a revolving machine by the application of haircloth and velvet velures, which cleans the nap and gives it a smooth and glossy surface. The brim has only then to be bound, the linings inserted, and the brim finally curled, when the hat is ready for use.
In all kinds of hat-making the French excel, and in such ccutres as Anduze, Lyons, and Paris the trade is very ex- tensive and important. In the United Kingdom the felt lit trade is principally centred at Denton and other locali- tics in the neighbourhood of Manchester, and in America the States of New York and New Jersey enjoy the greater part of the industry. The value of the hats annually exportel from the Unitel Kingdom somewhat exceeds £1,000,000 sterling.
(j. pa.)
HATFIELD, or Bishop’s Hatfield, a quiet, old-fashioned market-town of England, in the county of Hertford, is prettily situated on the side of a hill, 17? iniles N.N.W. of London by railway. The church of St Etheldreda dates its foundation from Norman times, though only a small portion of the original building is now stand- ing. Hatfield is the seat of a poor-law union embracing four parishes. The population of parish in 1871 was 3993. In the vicinity is Hatfield House, on the site of a palace of the bishops of Ely, which was erected about the beginning of the 12th century. In 1538 the manor was resigned to Henry VIII. by Bishop Goodrich, in exchange for certain lands in Cambridge, Essex, and Norfolk ; and after that monarch the palace was succes- sively the resilence of Edward VI. immediately before his accession, of Queen Elizabeth during the reign of her sister Mary, anl of James I. The last-named exchanged it in 1607 for Theobalds, near Cheshunt, in the same county, an estate of Sir Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury, in whose family Hatfield House has since remained. The west wing of the present mansion, built for Cecil in 1608–11, was destroyed by fire in November 1835, the dowager- marchioness of Salisbury perishing in the flames, The grounds surrounding the house are extensive aud beauti- fully laid out.
HATHRAS, or Hatras, a town ia the Aligarh district, North-Western Provinces, India, in 27° 35’ 31” N. lat., 78° 6° 9" E. long. It is well built, with numerous brick and stone houses, and is a prosperous trading centre. At the end of last century it was held by the Jat Thakur, Daya Ram, whose ruined fort still stands at the east end of the town, and was annexed by the British in 1803. A municipal hall and school-house stand upon the brink of a new tank ; and the town also contains a post-office and Government charitable dispensary. Since it came under British rule, W{athras has rapidly risen to commercial importance, and now ranks second to Cawnpore among the trading centres of the Doab. The exports include coarse sugar, grain of all sorts, oil-seeds, cotton, and ght; and the imports embrace iron, metal vessels, European and native cloth, drugs, spices, and miscellaneous wares. Population (1872), 23,589, com- prising 21,121 Hindus and 2468 Mahometans.
HATTINGEN, a town of Westphalia, Prussia, in the goverument district of Arnsberg and the circle of Bochum, is situated on the river Ruhr, about 21 miles N.E. of Diisseldorf. It is the seat of a commission of justice, and possesses a good school. The manufactures comprise cloth, woollen and silk goods, tobacen, iron, and steel. In the town are large iron-works, a brewery, and a brandy distillery. There are iron-stone and coal mines in the neighbourhood, and the scanty remains of the Isenburg, demolished in 1226. Hattingen was one of the Hanse town of the Middie Ages. Its population in 1875 was 6995,
HATTO I. (c. 850–913), tenth archbishop of Mainz, was born of a Swabian family about the middle of the 9th century. Educated at the monastery of Ellwangen or at Fulda, he attracted the attention ,of the em;eror Arnulf, who in 888 made him abbot of Reichenau, in 889 abbot of Ellwangen, and in 891 archbishop cf Mainz. During his reign Hatto acquired much ecclesiastical as well as political power. He presided over the council at Tribur or Teuver (895), at which the emperor and twenty-six or twenty-seven bishops attended, and was employed as ain- bassador to Charles the Simple and the king of Lorraine at their conference at Saint Goar in 899, Twice he accum- panied Arnulf to Italy, in 894 and 896. On the death of Arnulf in 900, Hatto beeame regent and guardian of Louis, and in the contest with the dukes of Babenberg treacher- ously betrayed into the emperor’s hands Count Adalbert, who was one of their partisans. Under Louis’s successer, Conrad I., Hutto retained his influence, but he died in 913, two years after Conrad’s accession. Another but less pro- bable account has it that he was killed at the battle of Heresburg in 912. Hatto wasa zealous churchman and a bold and energetic statesman. By his influence the crown and the church combined to check the growing power of the great nobles. In a letter to Pope John IX., still extant, he defends the German bishops from certain charges made to the pope. There is a tradition, due probably to his ambition and violence, that his corpse was seized ly the devil and thrown into the crater of Mount Etna. The tradition of the Mouse Tower on the Rhine at Bingen is connected with another Hatto, also archbishop of Mainz (968–970).
HATVAN, a market-town in the county of Heves, Hungary, is situated on the left bank of the Zagyva, at the junction of the Pest-Miskolez, Hatvan-Rutka, and Hatvan- Szolnok lines of railway, about 30 miles E.N.E. of Budapest, 47° 40’ N. lat., 19° 41’ E. long. Hatvan possesses a hand- some church and an elegant castle. There are two large cloth factories, and a court of assize is held there. Many of the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood are employed in raising fruit and melons, in improving the breed of sheep and in tending large herds of horses, which graze wild on the spacious communal pasture-lands. Cattle fairs are frequently held in the town, and the trade in horses is considerable. In 1870 the population amounted to 4018, for the most part Magyars by nationality and Noman Catholics by creed.
As a fortified place Hatvan rose to some importance inthe Middle Ages, In July 1525 a dict of Magyar nobles was held there. Subsequent to the catastrophe at Mohacs (1526), Hatvan, along with many other Hungarian towns, fell into the hands of the Turks, After being besieged by the imperialists in 1594 and 1595, it was taken by them on the 3d September 1596. In 1678 it was almost completely destroyed by the Ottoman forces. On the 2d April 1849 the Austrians were defeated by the Hungarians in a sanguinary engagement near the town.
HATZFELD (Hungarian, Zsembolya), a market-town in the county of Torontal, Hungary, on the Austrian state line of railway, about 22 miles W. of Temesvar, 45° 48’ N. lat., 20° 44’ FE. long. The most important buildings are the Roman Catholic church, the chateau of Count Csckonics, a district court-house, and the usual Government offices, The communal lands are large and very productive, more especially in wheat, barley, onts, Indian corn, and rape seed. The rearing of horses is extensively carried on. In 1870 the population amounted to 7981, for the most part ' Germans by nationality and Roman Catholics by creed.
