his previous acquaintance with the Zend language and literature enabled him to associate with the Parsees on such terms a3 affordel the best opportunities for perfecting his knowledge in this department. The result of his researches was the volume of /ssays on the Sucred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsees (Bombay, 1862). After a resi- dence of six years in India, he was compelled by domestic circumstances to return to Wiirtemberg in 1865; from Stuttgart he was called to Munich as first professor ordi- narius of Sanskrit and comparative grammar in 1868. He
died at Ragatz in Switzerland on the 3d of June 1876.
Besides the Essays on the Parsces, of which a new edition, by West, greatly enriched from the posthumous papers of the author, appeared in 1878, Haug published a number of works of consider- able importance to the student of the literatures of ancient India and Persia. They include Die Pehlewisprache u. der Bundchesch (1854); Die Schrift u. Sprache der zweiten Keilschrifigattunag (1855); Die fiinf Gathas, edited, translated, and expounded (1858-60); an edition with translation and explanation of The Aitarcya Brah- mana of the Rigueda (1868); A Lecture on an original Specch of Zoroaster (1865); An old Zend-Pahlavi Glossary (1867); Ucber den Charakter der Pehlewisprache (1869); Das 18t¢ Capitel des Wendidad (1869); Ueber das Ardai- Viraf-nameh (1870); Anold Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary (1870); Vedische Rathselfragen u. Rathselspriiche (1875).
HAUGE, Hans Nielsen (1771–1824), founder of a religious sect within the Lutheran Church of Norway and Denmark, was born in the former country, in the parish of Thund, April 3, 1771. With the aid of various religious works which he found in his father’s house, he laboured to supplement the scanty education which he had received as a peasant’s son. In his twenty-sixth year, believing him- self divinely commissioned, he began to preach in his native parish and afterwards throughout Norway. In 1800 he passed to Denmark, where, as at home, he gained many followers and assistants, chiefly among the lower orders. Proceeding to Christiansand in 1804, Hauge set up a printing-press to disseminate his views more widely, but was almost immediately arrested for holding illegal religious meetings, and for insulting the regular clergy in his books, all of which were confiscated. After being in confinement for ten years, he was released in 1814 on pay- ment of a fine, and retiring to an estate at Breddwill, near Christiania, he died there, March 29, 1824. His adherents, called Haugianer or Leser (7.¢., Readers), are still to be found in the south of Norway. By his writing and preach- ing he unquestionably did much to revive the spiritual life of the northern Lutheran Church. Though he cannot be said to have rejected any article of the Lutheran creed, the peculiar emphasis which he laid upon the evangelical doctrines of faith and grace involved considerable anta- gonism to the rationalistic or sacerdutal views commonly held by the established clergy.
Hauge’s principal writings are Forsdég til Afhandeling om Guds Vistom, 1798; Anwisning til nogle mérkelige Sprog i Bibelen, 1798; Forklaring over Loven og Evangelium, 1803. For an account of his life and doctrines, see Chr. Bang’s Zians Niclsen Hauge og hans Samtid, Christiania, 1875.
HAUPT, Moritz or Moriz (1808–1874), one of the principal representatives at once of classical and of verna- cular philology in Germany, was born at Zittau, in Lusatia, July 27, 1808. His early education was mainly conducted by his father, Ernst Friedrich Haupt, burgomaster of Zittau, a man of good scholarly attainment, who used to take pleasure in turning German hymns or Goethe’s poems into Latin, and whose memoranda have been employed by Freytag in the 4th volume of his Belder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit. From the Zittau gymnasium, where he spent the five years 1821-1826, partly under the tuition of Lindemann, Haupt removed to the university of Leipsic with the intention of prosecuting theology; but the natural bent of his mind and the influence of Professor G, Hermann soon turned all his energies in the direction of what were to be his life-studies. On the close of his university course (1830) he returned to his father’s house, and the next seven years were devoted to quiet work not only at Greek, Latin, and German, but at Old French, Provengal, and Bohemian. In 1834 he became acquainted with Endliclir, Karajan, and T°, Wolff at Vienna, and formed with Lach- mann at Berlin a friendship which had great effect on lis intellectual development. In September 1837 lie ‘ habili- tated” at Leipsic as privat-docent, and his first lectures, dealing with such diverse subjects as Catullus and the Nibelungenlied, indicated the twofold direction of his labours. A new chair of German language and literature being founded in his behoof, the new teacher received in succession the title of professor extraordinarius (September 1841) and professor ordinarius (November 1843) ; and in 1842 he married Louise Hermann, the daughter of his master and colleague. But the peaceful and prosperous course opening out before him at the university of Leipsic was brought to a sudden close. Having taken part in 1849 with Otto Jahn and Theodor Mommsen in a_ political agi- tation fur the maintenance of the imperial constitution, Haupt was deprived of his professorship by a decree of the 22d April 1851. Two years later, however, he was called to succeed Lachmann at the university of Berlin; and at the same time the Berlin academy, which had made him a corresponding member in 1841, elected him an ordinary member. For one and twenty years he continued to hold a prominent place among the scholars of the Prussian capital, making his presence felt, not only by the prestige of his erudition and the clearness of his intellect, but by the tirelessness of his energy and the ardent fearlessness of his temperament. His death, which took place with very little warning, February 5, 1874, was the result of heart disease.
Haupt’s critical work is distinguished by a happy union of the most painstaking investigation with intrepidity of conjecture, and while in his lectures and addresses he was frequently carried away by the excitement of the moment, and made sharp and questionable attacks on his opponents, in his writings he exhibits great self- control. The results of many of his researches are altogether lost, because he could not be prevailed upon to publish what fell much short of his own high ideal of exeellence. To the progress of classical scholarship he contributed by Questiones Catullianee (1837), Obserrationcs Critiec (1841), and editions of Ovid’s J/alicutica and the Cynegetica of Gratins and Nemesianus (1888), of Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius (8d ed., 1868), of Horaec (8d ed., 1871), and of Virgil (2d cd., 1873). As carly as 1886 he with Hoffmann von Fallersleben started the Alideutsehe Bléttcr, which in 1841 gave place to the Zeitschrift fiir deutsches Alterthum, of which he continued editor till his death. Hartmann von Auc’s Free (1839) and his Lieder, Biichlein, and Der arme Heinrich (1842), Rudolf von Ems’s Guter Gerhard (1840), and Conrad von Wiirzburg’s Engelhard (1844) are the principat German works which he edited. To form a collection of the French songs of the 16th eentury was one of his favourite schemes, but a little volume published since his death, Franzisische Volkslicder (1877), is the only monument of his labours in that direction. Three volumes of his Opuscula have appeared (Leipsice, 1875-1877). See Kirchhoff, “Gedachtnissrede,” in Abhaundl. der Kénigl. Akad, der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1875 ; and Otto Belver, Moriz Haupt als Lehrer, 1879.
poser of ability, was of infinitely greater importance as a writer on the theory of music. He was born at Dresden, October 13, 1792, and studied music under Scholz, Lanska, Grosse, and Morlacchi, the rival of Weber. Afterwards he completed his education as a violinist and composer under Spohr, and till 1820 held various appoint- ments in private families, varying his musical occupations with mathematical and other studies bearing chiefly on acoustics and kindred subjects. For a time also Haupt- mann was employed as an architect, but all other pursuits gave place to music, and a grand tragic opera, Mathilde, belongs to the period just referred to. In 1822 he entered the orchestra of Cassel, again under Spolit’s direction, and it was then that he first taught composition and musical theory to such men as Ferdinand David,
Burgmiiller, Kiel, and others. His compositions at this
