the number of fountains is considerable. The markets—of which the most noteworthy are the Mercado de Cristina, erected in 1836, and the Mercado de Tacon or Plaza de Vapor—are abundantly stocked with fruits and vegetables. Several of the suburban villages (e.g., Chorrera, Guanaba-
conda) are attractive places of resort.)The bay of Havana makes one of the finest harbours in ihe world, easy of access, spacious enough to contain about 1000 large vessels, deep enough to allow them to come close up to the wharves, and, except in tle case of a hurri- cane, well protected on all sides. The entrance, encum- bered by neither bar nor rock, is 980 feet wide and 4200 feet long. Within, the bay breaks up into three distinct arms, named - respectively Marimalefia or Regla Pay, Guasabacoa Bay, and El Fondo or Bay of Atares. The wharves are well built, and a good floating dock is main- tained by a private company. On the left hand of the entrance stands a lofty lighthouse tower.
In 1865 1950 vessels entered with a burthen of 686,644 tons ; in 1873 2194 vessels with a burthen of 921,632 tons ; and in the first six months of 1878 741 vessels with a burthen of 449,785 tons. The average number of vessels annually in the ten years from 1864 to 1873 was 1981 (771,196 tons), and of this average 647 (324,373 tons) were American, 689 (190,231 tons) Spanish, 384 (131,216 tons) British, 55 (45,218 tons) French, 55 (18,200 tons) Norwegian, and 32 (81,693 tons) German.
In spite of high tariffs and civil wars, and the competition of Matanzas, Cardenas, Cienfuego, and other Cuban ports opencd to foreign trade in modern times, the commerce of Havana continues to increase. As indieated by the statistics just quoted, the chief foreign customers are Britain and the United States ; but, while the latter are gradually taking a greater proportion of the trade, the British interest is gradually diminishing. The two staple articles of export are sugar and tobacco-wares. While the average export of sugar for the first ten years of the century was only 177,998 boxes (61,199,200 tb}, by 1855 it had reached 965,677 boxes (386,270,800 tb), and by 1878 145,601 boxes, 102,786 hogsheads, and 91,974 tons, or a grand total of nearly 408 millions of tb. In 1867 there were exported 7,716,802 Ib of tobacco and 199,027 millions of cigars, and the corresponding numbers for 1878 were 13,864,800 Tb and 174,638 millions. Other exports of importance are rum, wax, and honey. The nature and quantities of the imports on an average of the ten years 1868 to 1877 are 295, 202 quintals (100 tb each) of jerked beef, 134,203 quintals of cod-fish (61,576 from Europe, and 41,019 from United States), 359,925 barrels of flour, 627,786 quintals of rice (mainly from the East Indies), 143,035 quintals of lard (from the United States), 85,503 pipes of wine, 145,539 tons of coal, 344,095 jars of olive oil, and 92,857 quintals of coal-oil.
The staple manufacturing industry of Havana is that of tobacco. Of the cigar factories, more than a hundred may be reckoned as of the first class. The Royal and Imperial Factory of La Honradez, which occupies a whole square, and is considered one of the great sights of the city, produces daily 2,532,000 cigarettes. Besides the making of boxes and barrels, and other articles necessarily involved im its sugar and tobacco trade, Havana also prosecutes to some extent the building of carriages and ships, and the manufacture of iron and machinery ; but the weight of taxation is too great to allow the development of any business requiring great capital. There were six banks in the city in 1877, the most important being the Spanish Bank, through which all the Government paper is issued.
Havana has steam communication several times a weck with New York ; once a week with Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New Orleans ; and about as frequently with several ports in England, Spain, and France. It is the terminus of a railway system which reaches Cardenas, Cienfuego, Matanzas, Batabano, &c.; and short lines run out to the Bay of Havana and Marianas. Telegraphs radiate to all parts of the island ; and a submarine cable to Key West forms part of the line of communication between Aspinwall and New York. _ The population of Havana and its suburbs was stated at 189,996 in 1817, at 196,994 in 1841, at 208,676 in 1863, and at 169,184 in 1871. Of this last number 108,754 were whites, 27,628 free negroes, mulattos, &., and 22,807 slaves. By 1873 the total had reached, it is said, 230,000. None of these statistics can be received with much confilence as to their accuracy. Among the white population the proportion of males to females is extraordinarily high : according to the official returns, there die annually 3682 white males to 1204 white females. The average rate of mortality is 27 pcr thousand annually. Foreigners are subject to yellow fever, especially from June to September.
Havana, originally founded by Diego Velasquez in 1515 on an wn- healthy site near the present harbour of Baracon on the south coast, was removed to its actual position about 1519, and soon began to be considered one of the most important places in the New World. In 1528 the buecaneers laid the settlement in ashes, but it was soon after restored by Da Soto, who built the fortress of La Fuerza. The residence of the captain-general was transferred to Havana from Santiago de Cuba in 1551; and in 1589, to protect the city, which had been plundered by the pirate Jacob Sores in 1555 and threatened by Drake in 1585, Philip II. of Spain ordered the erection of the Bateria de la Punta and the castle of El Morro or Los Tres Reyes. In the course of the 17th century the port became the great rendez- vous for the gold-ships of Spain, and the commercial centre of the Spanish possessionsin America. The English under Admiral Pocock and the duke of Albemarle captured Havana in 1762, but it was restored to the Spaniards on 10th Feb. 1763, in exchange for the Floridas. The Gaceta de la Habana, the first paper published in Cuba, appeared in 1782. Jn 1771 the port, which had formerly been, like the rest of Cuba, monopolized by Seville and Cadiz, was declared open to all nations in regard to eertain articles of trade; and this liberty was extended in 1818 to all goods whatsoever. During the despotico-paternal adininistration of Tacon many improvements were introduced at Havana: the railway from Havana to Guines was commenced in 1835 ; a ferry between the city and the suburb of Regla was set on foot in 1837 ; and night watchmen, a police-foree, and a fire-brigade were established. The first line of steamships from Cadiz to Havana dates from 1850. Like the rest of Cuba the city has frequently suffered severely from hurricanes, the most violent being those of 1768 (St Theresa’s), 1810, and 1846.
See the works referred to under Cuba.
HAVELBERG, an ancient town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the government district of Potsdam and the circle of Westpriegnitz, is situated on the Havel, about 63 miles from its junction with the Elbe. The nearest station is Glowen (6} miles), on the Berlin and Hamburg Railway. The town is built partly on an island in the Havel and partly on hills on the right bank of the river, on one of which stands the fine cathedral. The two parts, which are con- nected by a bridge, were ificorporated as one town in 1875, Havelberg is the seat of a commission of justice. The in- habitants are chiefly engaged in farming, tobacco and pin manufacturing, sugar-refining, and shipbuilding, and in the timber trade. Population in 1875, 6907.
Otto I. founded a bishopric at Havelberg so early as 946; the bishop, however, generally resided at Plattenburg or Wittstock, a few miles to the north. In 1548 the bishopric was reduced, and the cathedral passed to the Protestant Church and retained its endowments till the edict of 1810, by which all former ecclesiastical possessions were assumed by the crown. The final secularization was delayed till 1819. Havelberg was formerly a strong fortress, but in the Thirty Years’ War it was taken from the Danish by the imperial troops in 1627. Recaptured by the Swedes in 1631, and again in 1635 and 1636, it was in 1637 retaken by the Saxons under Klitzeng. It suffered severely from a conflagration in 1870.
British soldier, was the second of four brothers (all of whom entered the army), and was born at Ford Hall, Bishop-Wearmouth, Sunderland, on the 5th of April 1795. His parents were William Havelock, a wealthy shipbuilder in Sunderland, and Jane, daugliter of John Carter, solicitor at Stockton-on-Tees. When about five years old Henry accompanied his elder brother William to Mr Bradley’s school at Swanscombe, whence at the age of ten he removed for seven years to Charterhouse School. In accordance with the desire of his mother, who had died in 1811, he entered the Middle Temple in 1813, studying under Chitty the eminent special pleader. His legal studies having been abridged by a misunderstanding with his father, he in 1815 accepted a second lieutenancy in the Rifle Brigade (95th), procured for him by the interest of his brother William. During the following eight years of service in Pritain he read extensively and acquired a good acquaintance with the theory of war. In 1823, having exchanged into the 21st and thence into the 13th Light Infantry, he followed his brothers William and Charles to India, first qualifying himself in Hindustani under Dr Gilchrist, a celebrated Oricntalist. At the close of twenty-three years’ service he was still a lieutenant, and it was not until 1838 that, after three years’ adjutancy of his regiment, he became
captain. Before this, however, he had held several staff
