partly on level ground near the Genii and partly on the slopes of two adjacent hills, at an elevation of about 2300 feet above the sea. The more ancient quarters of the town still retain much of the Moorish style, but the modern part is somewhat commonplace. It contains several squares, of which the most remarkable is the Bibarrambla, where tournaments were formerly held. There is also a beautiful shady walk, called the Alameda, which is one of the most frequented promenades. The old city comprises the faubourgs of Antequeruela, Alcazaba, Alhambra, and Albaicin, the last being named after the settlers who came from Baeza, after the capture of that city by St Ferdinand. For a detailed account of the Alhambra the reader is referred to the special article, vol. i. p. 570. The Antequeruela and Albaicin are mostly inhabited by the working classes. In the cemetery of the latter there are still a few ruins of an ancient mosque. The town proper contains a great number of churches and other public edifices. The cathedral, a somewhat heavy and irregular building, was begun in 1529 by Diego de Siloe, and finished in 1639. It is profusely ornamented with jasper and coloured marble and surmounted by a dome; and it contains several valuable paintings by Alonso Cano, portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella by Rincon, and marble statues of several kings and queens of Spain. In one of its numerous chapels (the Chapel Royal) are buried their "Catholic Majesties," and Philip and Juana. The church of Nuestra Sefiora de las Angtistias has a splendid high altar and fine towers. That of St Jose" is an elegant modern building. Other remark able edifices are the monastery of St Geronimo, founded by Gouzalo de Cordova, who is buried there; the Carthusian convent (Cartuja) adorned with paintings by Murillo, Morales, and Cano; the university, founded in 1531 by Charles V.; and the library. Granada is the birthplace of many eminent writers and artists, both Mahometan and Christian ; among the latter may be mentioned Fray Luis de Granada (1505); Hurtado de Mendoza (1505), the historian of the war of Granada; Alonso Cano (1601), the great painter ; and Moya (1610), who was both painter and sculptor. The climate of the town is pleasant and healthy, especially during the spring and summer months. Its manu factures are unimportant, the chief being coarse woollen stuffs, hats, paper, saltpetre, and gunpowder. Silk-weaving was once extensively carried on, and large quantities of silk were exported to Italy, France, Germany, and even America ; but the production now is very limited. The education of the lower classes is much neglected, the city having only a few insignificant schools. In the year 1878 the population amounted to about 75,000.
The history of Granada does not go back far, if at all, into the Roman periol(for it is not to be confounded with the ancient Illiberis); and even under the Moors it held a place of very subordinate importance until the period of the conquests of St Ferdinand, when it became the exclusive seat of Islam in Spain, and rose to almost unparalleled splendour, under Mohammed-Ebn- Alahmar, the builder of the Alhambra. It is said in its best days to have had 400,000 inhabitants, 70,000 houses, and 60,000 warriors, but this is probably an exaggeration. In the 15th cen tury it was the last stronghold of the Moors against the Christian forces under Ferdinand and Isabella, and after a long siege it was surrendered by Boabdil on 2d January 1492. From that time Granada s wealth and magnificence rapidly decreased till 1610, when the Moors were expelled from Spain.
GRANADA, a city of Central America, state of Nicar
agua, is situated on the N.W. bank of the Lake of Nicar
agua, 30 miles N.N.W. of the town of that name. The
suburbs are composed of cane huts occupied by the poorer
inhabitants, but the city proper is formed of one-storied
houses built of adobes or sun-dried bricks, roofed with tiles.
They have balconied windows, and are surrounded by court
yards with ornamental gateways. It possesses several old
churches and the remains of ancient fortifications. By
means of the lake and the river San Juan, it communicates
with the Caribbean Sea, and carries on a considerable trade
in cocoa, cochineal, indigo, and hides. The steamer
"Coburg" in the end of 1878, after several unsuccessful
attempts, forced a passage up the river San Juan from the
sea to Lake Nicaragua, thus establishing steam navigation
between Granada, the Bay de la Vierge, San George, and
other towns, and direct communication between Greyton
and Granada. The feat is of importance in view of the
project of constructing an oceanic canal by this route.
Granada was founded by Francisco Fernandez de Cordova in 1522, and he erected a fort for its protection. At an early period it surpassed Leon in importance, and was one of the richest cities in North America. It suffered greatly from the attacks of pirates in the latter half of the 17th century, and in 1606 was completely sacked by them. In 1855 it was taken by the filibuster William Walker, and partially destroyed by fire, and though retaken in 1857 it has never recovered its former prosperity, a great part of it being still in ruins. The population is about 10,000.
GRANADA, Luis de (1504-1588), a Spanish preacher
and ascetic writer, was born of poor parents at Granada in
1504. At five years of age he was left an orphan, but the
Conde de Tendilla, alcalde of Alhambra, having accident
ally observed his singular intelligence, took him under his
protection and had him educated with his own sons. At
the age of nineteen he entered the Dominican convent of
Santa Cruz, Granada, whence he went to the college of St
Gregory, Valladolid. After completing his theological edu
cation he was named prior of the convent of Scala Coeli,
where he exercised his preaching gifts under the direction
of the celebrated orator Juan de Avila, whom he subse
quently rivalled, if he did not surpass him, in eloquence.
Having been invited by Cardinal Henry, infanta of
Portugal and archbishop of Evora, to Badajoz in 1555, he
founded a monastery there, and two years later was elected
provincial of Portugal. He was also appointed confessor
and councillor to the queen regent, but he declined promo
tion to the archbishopric of Braga, and on the expiry of his
provincial office in 1561 he retired to a Dominican convent
at Lisbon, where he died in 1588. Luis de Granada en
joyed the reputation of being the first ecclesiastical orator
of his day, and his description of the " descent into hell "
is one of the finest specimens of eloquence in the Spanish
language. He also acquired great fame as a mystic writer,
his Guia de Pecadores, or Guide to Sinners, first published
in 1556, being still a favourite book of devotion in Spain,
and having been translated into nearly every European
language.
His principal other works are Libro de la Oration y Meditation, Salamanca, 1567; Introduction al simbolo de la Fe, Salamanca, 1582; Rhdoricce Ecchsiasticcc, sivcderationeconcionandi, Libri VI., Lisbon, 1576 ; Silm locorum communium omnibus verbi conciona- toribus nccessaria, 1582 ; and several series of sermons. A collected edition of the works of Luis de Granada was published by Planta at Antwerp, in 1572, at the expense of the duke of Alva, and by Luis Meiiozal, Madrid, in 1657, afterwards reprinted at various periods. See preface to this edition of his works ; preface to Guia de Pecadores, Madrid, 1781; Bibliotcca de Autorcs Esp., torn, vi., viii., xi. ; Ticknov s History of Spanish Literature; and Eug. Baret, Hist, de la litt. cspagnole, Paris, 1863.
GRANADILLA, the name applied to Passiflora quadrangularis, Linn,, a plant of the natural order Passiflorece,
a native of tropical America, having smooth, cordate, ovate,
or acuminate leaves ; petioles bearing from 4 to 6 glands ;
an emetic and narcotic root ; scented flowers ; and a large,
oblong fruit, containing numerous seeds, imbedded in a
subacid edible pulp. The granadilla is sometimes grown in
British hothouses. The fruits of several other species of
Passiflora are eaten. P. laurifolia is the " water lemon,"
and P. mali/ormis the " sweet calabash" of the West Indies.
GRAN CHACO, an extensive region in the heart of
South America, which stretches from 20 to 29 of S. lat., and
belongs partly to Bolivia and partly to the Argentine
Republic, the boundary between the two states coinciding
