Of the numerous topographical works on Heidelberg, those of Fickler (1863) and Oneken (2d ed., 1874) may be mentioned. The IWegweiser durch Heidelberg (1879) supplies a briefer and more popular account. The university annals are told in Hautz’s Geschichte der Universitat Heidelbergs (2 vols., 1868-64), and the very interesting history of the library in Wilken’s Geschichte der Bildung, Beraubung, und Vernichtung der alten Heidelberger Bichersammlung (1817), and in Ruland’s Zur Geschichte der alten nuh Ron entfihrten Bibliothek zu Heidelberg, Leip., 1856. The Heidelberger Jahrbiicher (1817-73) contain a mass of interesting anl important information as to the history of the town and castle.
HEIDELOFF, Karl Alexander von (1788–1865), a German architect, was the son of Victor Peter Heideloff, a painter of some reputation, and was born at Stuttgart 2d February 1788. He studied at the art academy of his native town, anlafter following the profession of an archi- tect for some time at Coburg was in 1818 appointed city architect at Nuremberg. In 1822 he became professor at the polytechnic school, and some years later he was chosen conservator of the monuments of art. Heideloff devoted his chief attention to the Gothic style of architecture, and the buildings restored and erected by him at Nuremberg and in its neighbourhood attest both his original skill and his purity of taste. He also achieved some success as an historical painter. He died at Hassfurt 28th September 1865.
Among his writings on architecture are Die Lehre von den Siulenordnungen, 1827; Der Kleine Vignola, 1832; Nitrnbergs Baudenkmaler der YVorxcit, 1838-48; and Die Ornamentik des Mittelalters, 1838-42,
HEILBRONN, a town of Wiirtemberg, in the circle of the Neckar, is situated in a pleasant and fruitful valley on the Neckar, and at the junction of several railways, 26 miles N. of Stuttgart. It is the seat of a circle court, a jury court, a superior tribunal, a head tax office, and a chamber of commerce. In the older part of the town the streets are narrow, and it contains a number of high turreted houses with quaintly adorned gables. The old fortifications have now been demolished, and their site is occupied by prome- nades, outside of which are the more modern parts of the town with wide streets and many handsome buildings. The principal public buildings are the church of St Kilian, in the Gothic and Renaissance styles, begun in 1019 and completed in 1529, with an elegant tower 210 feet high, a beautiful choir, and a finely carved altar; the town-house, founded in 1540, and possessing a collection of interesting documents ; the house of the Teutonic knights, now used as barracks; the Catholic church of St Joseph; the tower on the Neckar, in which Gotz von Berlichingen was confined in 1525; the synagogue, the prison, and the hospital. The educational establishments include a gym- nasium, a real-school of the second order, an agricultural school, and a female school of industry. The town ina commercial point of viewis the most important in Wiirtem- berg, and possesses au immense varicty of manufactures, of which the principal are gold, silver, steel, and iron wares, machines, sugar of lead, white lead, vinegar, beer, eau de Cologne, sugar, tobacco, soap, oil, cement, sulphuric acid, tartaric acid, artificial manure, glue, soda, tapestry, thread, and cloth. Grapes, fruit, vegetables, and flowering shrubs are largely grown in the neighbourhood, and there are large quarrics for sandstone and gypsum. By means of the Neckar a considerable trade is carried on in wood, bark, leather, agricultural produce, fruit, and cattle. The population in 1875 was 21,209.
Heilbronn occupies the site of an cll Roman settlement. Its name—originally Heiligbronn or holy spring—was bestowed on it by Charlemagne from a spring of water which until 1857 was to be seen issuing from under the high altar of the church of St Kilian. In 1225 Heilbronn became a free imperial city. It was frequently besieged during the Middle Ages, and it suffered greatly during the Peasants’ War, the Thirty Years’ War, and the various wars with France. In 1803 it came into the possession of Wirtemberg.
HEILIGENSTADT, a town of Prussian Saxony, government district of Erfurt, is situated on the Leine and on the railway from Halle to Cassel, 32 miles E.N.E. of Cassel. Tt possesses an old castle, formerly belonging to the electors of Mainz, one Evangelical and two Catholic churches, a Catholic gymnasium, a Catholic normal school, two orphanages, and an infirmary. The principal manufactures are woollen wares, cigars, paper, bone dust, and needles. The population in 1875 was 5193.
Heiligenstadt is said to have been built by Dagobert, and was formerly the capital of the principality of Eichsfeld. In 1022 it was acquired by the archbishop of Mainz, and in 1103 it came into the possession of Henry the Proud, but when Henry the Lion was placed under the ban of the empire it again came to Mainz. It was destroyed by fire in 1333, and was captured in 1478 by Count Henry the Young of Schwarzburg, and in 1525 by Duke Henry of Brunswick. In 1803 it came into the possession of Prussia.
HEILSBERG, a town of Prussia, capital of a circle in the government district of Kdnigsberg, is situated at the junction of the Simser and Alle, 38 miles 8. of K6nigsberg. It has one Evangelical and two Catholic churches, and an old castle formerly the seat of the prince-bishops of Erm- land, but now used as an infirmary. The principal industries are cloth-weaving, yarn and thread spinning, dyeing, and brewing, and there is considerable trade in grain. The population of the town in 1875 was 5762.
The castle founded at Heilsberg by the German kniglits in 1240 became afterwards the property of the bishops of Ermland, who in 1306 made it their seat—an honour which it retained for 500 years. On the 10th June 1807 a battle took place at Heilsberg between the French and the Russians under Benningsen, which, although the French who attacked thought it prudent to withdraw before victory declared for either side, resulted on the following day in the retreat of the Russians.
HEILSBRONN, or Kloster-Heilsbronn, a market- village in the Bavarian government of Middle Franconia, with a station on the railway between Nuremberg and Ansbach. In 1871 it had only 998 inhabitants, but in the Middle Ages it was the seat of one of the great monas- teries of Germany. This foundation, which belonged to the Cistercian order, owed its origin to Bishop Otto of Bamberg m 1132, and continued to exist till 1555. Its sepulchral monuments, many of which are figured by Hocker, ezlsbronnischer Antiquitdtenschatz (Ansbach, 1731–40), were of exceptionally high artistic interest, ten burgraves of Nuremberg (it was their hereditary burial- place), three electoral princes, five margraves of Branden- burg, and many other persons of note having been laid to rest within its walls. The buildings of the monastery have all disappeared, with the exception of the fine church, restored between 1851 and !866. The “Monk of Heils- bronn” is the ordinary appellation of a didactic poct of the 14th century, whose Seven Degrees, Daughter of Syon, and Life of Saint Alextus were published by Merzdorf at Berlin in 1870.
See ‘‘ Notze Halesbrunnenses ” and “‘ Annales Halesbrunnenses,” in Pertz, Afon. Germ. Hist., vol. xvi.; Muck, Deitrage cur Gesch. von Heilsbronn, Ansb., 1859; Rehm, Ein Gang durch und um die Miinster-Kirche zu Kloster-Heilsbronn, Ansb., 1875; and Stillfried, RKloster-Heilbronn, cin Beitrige zu den Hohenzoll. Forschungen, Berlin, 1877.
