Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/732

698 HEBA-LDBY [COMMON CHARGES. Somewhat akin to these subordinaries is a division of the field known as checquy, where the field is divided into small squares like a chess-board. Their number is not specified, but usually is made up of seven squares in a line, and in depth according to the length of the shield. Hugh, earl of Vermandois, is said to have borne checquy, or and azure, and as his daughter married Warren, it is possible that the earls of Surrey thence derived their well-known coat. Warren: ehecquy, or and azure (fig. 83). Tateshal : checquy, or and gules, a chief ermine. Fig. 82. Fig. -<3. Fig. 81. Checquy was not confined to the field, but was also applied to the charges upon it. Stuart : or, a fess checquy, argent and azure. Where there is but one row of squares, the bearing is called gobonny or company, if of two rows, counter-company. Gray: barry of six, argent and azure, a bend compony of the first and gules (fig. 84). Fitz Roy: gules, a border quarterly, ermine and counter-compony, or and azure. Common Charges. Next to the purely heraldic figures connected with the shield and their diminutives and subordinaries, come those imported into heraldry as charges from all quarters, in cluding an immense variety of objects, natural and artificial, beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles and insects, flowers, and the fruits of the field, chimeras, astronomical and celestial figures, man and his parts, arms and armour, implements of war and the chase, ships, articles of dress, and a mis cellaneous budget far too heavy to enumerate. The rules for the placing of these charges are simple. If single, they stand in the centre of the shield ; if two, in pale, or one over the other ; if three, 2 and 1 ; if the number is longer the order must be specified (see fig. 85). The French carry the unexpressed understanding much further. With them, four pieces are placed 2 and 2 ; five pieces, in sal tire ; six are 3,2,1; seven are 3,3,1; eight are in orle ; and nine are 3,3,3. 13. 14. 15. FIG. 85. Different arrangemen s of charges upon a shield : (1) 2 roses; (2) 2 roses in fess ; (3) 3 roses ; (4) 3 roses in bend ; (5) 4 roses, 2 and 2 ; (fi) 5 roses in cross, (7) 5 roses in saltire; (8) 6 roses, 3,2,1; (0) 6 roses, 2,2,2; (10) 8 roses in orle; (11) 9 roses, 3,3,3 ; (12) 9 roses, 3,3,2,1; (13) 10 roses, 4,3,2,1; (14) 10 roses, 4,2,4; (15) 12 roses, 4,4,4. ANIMALS. The following rules are applicable to the blazoning of animals. Generally, unless otherwise specified, they are shown in profile, looking towards the dexter side ; when to the sinister, the word counter is prefixed, "a lion counter-passant." Animals back to of the middle of it, "naissant." When the claws, horns, tongues, hoofs, or mane are shown of a special colour, the animal is "armed," "corned," "langued" or " lampasst -, " " uiigued," or " crined." Sometimes he is crowned royally or ducally, sometimes " collared," "gorged," or " accollee." When wounded he is " vulned." When of its natural colour an animal is "proper," but it maybe of any metal, colour, or fur, and divided by any partition lines. When a head or member is torn off it is " erased." When cut off "couped." "When men are clothed, they are "habited"; when nude, they are "salvage." QUADRUPEDS. Of these the Lion is by far the most popular, nor is his popularity confined to England. He appears not only in the British arms, but in those of Spain, Holland, Denmark, Bohemia, and Saxony, and many lesser states. Of Edward II. s 918 bannerets, 225 bear lions in some form or other. The favourite attitude is rampant, but he may be passant, saliant, statant, sejant, couchant, or dor mant. About thirty varieties of attitude are enumerated by writers ; but most are rarely if ever used, and indeed it is seldom the lion is other than rampant or passant. Sometimes he is borne "demi," especially as a crest. His paws or jambs are also borne, and his tail. In one or two well-known instances on the Continent he is " dehache," that is, his head and paws and the tuft of his tail are cut off. When a member is borne upright, it is " erected." As a set off to this dismemberment, in early rolls the lion is sometimes represented as two-tailed, or "queue furchee," and there are examples of bicorporate and tricorporate lions, though not many. When above three lions are shown, they become lioncels or lions whelps, unless otherwise specified. It has been shown that as early as 1127 Henry I. used the lion as an ornament upon the shield he gave to his son-in-law, who bore those animals upon his brodekins, as did the early French kings the fleur-de-lys. Mr Blanche has investigated this early use of the lion by Henry with great acuteness. A prophecy of Merlin, held to apply to that king, designated him as the Lion of Justice ; his favourite residence and death-place was in the forest of Leon or Lyons in Normandy ; hit! wife Adeliza was a daughter of Godfrey, duke of Louvain or Lowen, a name which certainly gave rise to the lion as the arms of that family. William, earl of Gloucester, Henry s grandson, sealed with a lion. Richard de Eedvers, earl of Devon, who married a granddaughter of Henry, also bore a lion, as did Ranulph, earl of Chester, who married another grandchild. William d Albini who married Henry s widow, used the same animal. All this occurred at a period when armorial bearings were by no means an established institution, and when every great noble was taking it up, and quite open to assume a bearing. On the whole, therefore, it seems probable that to Henry I. was due the introduction of the lion into English heral dry. It has been seen that under Richard and John the lions became the settled arms of England, and this will account for the general adoption of the royal beast in English coats of arms. In heraldry a " lion passant gardant or " is always blazoned as "a lion of Eng land. The identity of the lion of England with the leopard has been the subject of much controversy, and when Napoleon talked of driving the leopards into the sea he evidently used the word in disparage ment of our national bearing. The early heralds, who probably were not zoologists, seemed to have confounded the lion with the leopard, and to have used the names according to the attitude of the animal. When rampant he was a lion, when in any other attitude, as passant, he was leo-parde or a lion-as-a-leopard, but never drawn spotted like a real leopard. As the li^n came more generally into use, and was borne in various attitudes, the allusion to the leopard was gradually dropped, though as late as the reign of Edward III. and Richard II. the royal crest was described as a leopard, and Henry V. had a Leopard herald. Among the greater barons of the 13th and 14th century, the lion was borne by the earls of Arundel, Cornwall, Devon, Hereford, Leicester, Lincoln, the Earl Marshal and the earl of Salisbury, as well as by scores of the lesser barons or knights. Sir Tristem, the knight of lionesse, bore a lion when "Mordant with his might, With a lance un-light, He smote him in the lion." Fig. 8C. Fig. 87. Fig. 88. Fig. 89. Lewis of Llanishen and Cromwell their cadet bore and boar sable, a lion rampant argent, a bearing still used by their cadets, the Lewises of Pennysivania,

who migrated above two centuries ago (fig. &(>).