BLAZONING.] HERALDRY 705 rose; (8) the cross moline ; (9) the octofoil (fig. 124). The elder son of the elder son places a label upon a label, the second a crescent, and so on, so that the ninth son of a ninth son would bear an octofoil upon an octofoil, pointing out the relationship of each member to the parent stock. Practically, however, marks of cadency are but seldom o. 7. 8. y. FIG. 1^4. Murks of Cadency. used. The earls of Harrington indeed, descending from the second son of a second son, place a crescent upon a crescent. Lords Abergavenny and Braybrooke difference their Neville saltire with a rose, as springing from the seventh son of Ralph, earl of Westmoreland. On the other hand Lord Derby, though a cadet, bears his arms unbroken. Marks of Illegitimacy are very various, and on the earlier coats not to be distinguished from differences. Probably the earliest English example is afforded by Wm. Longspee, natural son of Henry II., who bore six lioncels, no doubt derived from his father, though usually attributed to his wife Ela, heiress of the earldom of Salisbury. His counterseal bears the long sword whence he derived his name. The sons of Pdchard, brother of Henry III., bore their father s lion of Poitou, inverting the colours, until Sir Geoffrey Cornwall took prisoner the duke of Britanny, when he changed his field to ermine. In the roll of Ed ward II., Sir John Lovel le Bastard bore Lovel, usually or and gules, with " un label d azur." Sir Roger Clarendon, son of the Black Prince, has already been mentioned (page 701). John Beaufort, son of John of Gaunt, bore per pale argent, and azure on a bend gules three lions of Eng land, with his father s label. After his semi-legitimization lie bore England with a barder gobonny argent and azure, the Lancaster colours. Arthur, Viscount Lisle, son of Edward IV 7 ., placed a baton over his father s arms. Sometimes the father s coat was altered. Sir John Stanley bore a coat compounded of Stanley and Lathom. Sometimes a baton sinister was added, sometimes a border. Strictly a natural son does not adopt his father s quarter- ings, unless such as are habitually borne conjoined, as the royal arms. The descendants of Charles II. bear the whole arms with a baton sinister or border ; those of William IV. the baton. With the house of Bourbon the baton marked the cadets, the baton sinister the bastards. Sir Gilbert Tal- bot (1569), son of a bastard son of Sir Gilbert Talbot, was allowed Talbot and the usual five quarterings of the family, with a bendlet sinister over the whole, but this is unusual. RULES OF BLAZON. To blazon a coat of arms is to describe it in the technical language of heraldry; and, although the works of the fathers of heraldic lore contain much irrelevant matter, and some confusion of arrangement, the rules of blazon, by whom soever devised or perfected, are remarkable for their pre cision, brevity, and completeness. Great and successful care has been taken to produce clear and simple order, tc avoid repetition, and to preserve a certain uniformity of arrangement through much complexity of detail. The technicalities arise in great measure from the use of terms once well known, and the language, as was to be ex pected, shows traces of the French and Franco-Norman channels through which the "gentle art" reached England. First comes the description of the field, its colour, or the arrangement of the colours (if more than one), and the character of the partition lines when parted. Thus the " parma inglorius alba " would be blazoned "he beareth argent." The coat of Waldgrave is per pale argent and gules ; that of D Ebroicis, earl of Gloucester, was "per pale dancette argent and gules." Next follow the charges, and first those of most im portance and nearest the field, their name, number, and position (if an animal, its attitude), and finally the colour. The principal charge is that which occupies the principal position. Thus Backhouse of Kellet bore party per saltire, azure and or, a saltire ermine; Bigland of Bigland, azure, two ears of bigg or. Where the principal charge is an ordinary placed between smaller charges, it follows the field : Foliot, or, a fess between tv/o chevrons gules. The same rule holds where the ordinary is charged, as in Braith- waite of High Wray, gules, on a chevron argent three cross crosslets fitchy sable ; or when the two are combined, as Kerr of Cessford, vert, upon a chevron between three uni corns heads erased argent, horned and crined or, as many mallets sable. Where the ordinary may be charged, but does not admit of being placed between charges, it is blazoned thus : Russell, argent, a lion rampant gules, on a chief sable three escallops of the field. If the field be seme e of figures (i.e., besprinkled with them in regular order) they follow it : Pierrepoint, argent, seme e of cinquefoils gules, a lion rampant sable. Had the cinquefoils been on the lion instead of on the field the blazon would have run, argent a lion rampant sable, seme e of cinquefoils gules. The arrangement of common charges has already been explained (page 698, fig. 85) : if one, central ; if two, per pale ; if three, 2 and 1 ; if more, as must be specified, as in Babington (fig. 9). Such diminutives as are borne in pairs follow their ordinary: Cludde, argent, a bend between four cotises sable. To avoid repetition, if a tincture occurs twice reference is made to the first : Scott of Abbotsford, or, two mullets in chief and a crescent in fess, azure, within an orle of the last ; and so if the same number of charges occurs twice, the words "as many" are used : Maling of Scarborough, ermine, on a chevron vert between three hawks jesses as many roses argent. Upton, who wrote in Latin, is put to strange shifts to express his mean ing. He thus blazons the arms of Mortimer (fig. 63) : " Portavit arma barrata, et caput scuti palatum est et angulatum cle azorio et auro, cum quodam scuto siinplici de argento." hi heraldic French this is, "11 portoit barree et ung chef palee cvmetee d asur et d or, et ung escu simple d argent. " The following, from Menestrier, is the full blazon of the arms of the old kings of France : D asur a trois fleurs-de-lys d or 2 and 1. Escu timbre d un casque ouvert d or place de front, assorty de ses lambrequins d or et d asur, couronne de la couronne imperiale Franchise, entoure des colliers des ordres du St Esprit et St Michel, soutenu par deux anges vetus en Levites ; la dalmatique des emaux de 1 escu tenant chacun un baniere de France ; le tout place sous un grand pavilion d asur Heur- de-lise d or double d ermines ; le comble rayonne d or et couronne de la couronne imperiale Franchise. Le dit pavilion attache a la baniere oil oriflamme du Royeaume. Cri du guerre, " Montjoye St Denis." Devise, " Lilia nou laborant neque nent," alluding to the operation of the Salic law. MARSHALLING ARMS. Marshalling is the disposing or arranging of such coats of arms as have to be included in one shield. Blazoning deals with the particulars of each coat, marshalling with its posi tion as regards other coats. Arms maybe arranged per pale or impaled, or the shield maybe divided into as many squares as may be required, when it is said to be quartered. The first coat, that of the bearer, may or may not be repeated in the last quarter as may be required to make up an even num ber of squares, which, though not necessary, is desirable.
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