Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 11.djvu/821

ring in his book show that he belonged to this late period. Welcker (2h, Mus., ii. 269) places him in the latter part of the 4th century. Belonging to the school of Alexandria, he was probably a pagan ; and the explanations of words from Gregory Nazianzen and other Christian writers (gloss sacree) are interpolations of a later time. He has left a Greck dictionary, containing a copious list of peculiar words, forms, and phrases, with an explanation of their meaning, and often with a reference to the author who used them or to the district of Greece where they were current. Hence the book is of great value to the student of the Greek dialects ; while in the restoration of the text of the classical authors generally, and particularly of such writers as Zischylns and Theocritus, who used many unusual worils, its value can hardly be exaggerated. The explanations given of many epithets and pbrases reveal to us numberless facts about religion and social life, which are of the highest importance in the study of antiquities. In a prefatory letter addressed to his friend Eudocius (who is probably the Eudocius Scholasticus mentioned in the Etymologicum Magnum and elsewhere), Hesychius mentions that his work is based on the lexicon of Diogenianus, but that he has also used similar works by Aristarchus, Apion, Heliodorus, &c. (about whom see M. Schmidt’s edition, vol. iv.). The text is very corrupt, and the order of the words has often been disturbed. There is no doubt that many interpolations, besides the Christian glosses, have been made.

HETTSTÄDT, or Hettstedt, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the circle of Mansfeld, and the government district of Merseburg, is situated on both banks of the Wipper, about 23 miles N.W. of Halle. It is the seat of a commission of justice, and has manufactures of machinery, pianofortes, and artificial manure. The population in 1875 was 5988, In the neighbourhood are mines of argenti- ferons copper, and the surrounding district and villages are occupied with smelting and similar works. Silver and sulphuric acid are the other chief products; nickel and gold are also found in small quantities. Hettstidt is mentioned as early as 1046; in 1220 it possessed a castle ; and in 1380 it received the privileges of a town. When the countship of Mansfeld was sequestrated, Hettstadt came into the possession of the Saxons, from whom it passed to the Prussians in 1815.

HEUGLIN, Theodor von (1824–1876), an eminent African and Arctic traveller, was born 20th March 1824 at Hirschlanden near Leonberg in Wiirtemberg, and died at Stuttgart, 5th November 1876. His father was a Protestant pastor, and he was originally trained to be a mining engineer, but his own early ambition was to contribute to scientific progress by his personal explorations, and he pre- pared himself for his task by careful and multifarious dis- cipline, studying the natural sciences, and more particularly zoology, acquiring the more serviceable of the modern languages, strengthening his physique by gymnastic exer- cises, and learning to use with equal skill his pencil and his gun, Supplied with funds by his mother’s liberality, Heuglin went to Egypt in 1851, and till 1865 the north- eastern regions of Africa were the main scene of his labours. In 1852 he accompanied Dr Reitz, the Austrian consul at Khartum, in his fatal journey to Abyssinia; in 1853, having been appointed Dr Reitz’s successor in the consul- ate, he visited Kordofan and the lower course of the White Nile; and in 1857, on his return after about two years’ absence in Europe, he was commissioned by the grand-duke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria to explore the countries along the west coast of the Red Sea. From the latter part of 1858 to the latter part of 1860 he was again in Europe; but in 1861 he was placed at the head of the Vogel search expedition, which included Munzinger, Steudner, Kinzelbach, &c., and was expected to make its way to Wadai. Having reached Mai-schecha, however, the explorers broke up into three parties, Heuglin turning along with Steudner and Schubert in the direction of Adoa, Gon- dar, and the Galla lands. At Khartum they joined Miss Tinne’s party, and proceeded to Lake Rey and the Kosanga river, but Steudner died on 10th April 1863, and Heuglin was compelled by sickness to retrace his steps. He returned to Europe in 1865. In 1870 and 1871 he made a valuable series of explorations in Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya; but 1875 found him again in North-East Africa, in the country of the Beni Amer and Habab. An invitation from the khedive took him abroad agam in 1876, but receiving no definite appointment he returned to Europe. Later in the same year he was engaged in preparing for an exploration of the island of Socotra, when he was suddenly carried off by inflammation of the lungs. He was buried beside Manch, the African traveller, and a statue has been erected over his grave.

His principal works are Systematische Ucbersicht der Vogel Nordost- Afrika’s, 1855 ; Reisen in Nordost-[frika, 1852-1853 (Gotha, 1857) ; Syst. Uebersicht der Sdugcthiere Nordost-Afrika’s (Vienna, 1867) ; Reise nach Abessinien, den Galla-Lindern, &c., 1861-62 (Jena, 1868) ; Heise in das Gebiet des Weissen Nil, 1862-1864 (Leipsic, 1869) ; Reisen nach dem Nordpolarmeer, 1870-71 (Brunswick, 1872- 74) 3 Ornithologie von Nordost-Afrika’s (Cassel, 1869-75); Reise in Nordost-Afrika (Brunswick, 1877, 2 vols.). It is principally by his zoological, and more especially his ornithological, labours that Heuglin has taken rank as an independent authority. A list of the more important of his numerous contributions to Petermaun’s Mittheilungen will be found in that serial for 1877 at the close of the necrological notice.

HEUSCH, Willem or Guilliam de, a landscape painter in the 17th century at Utrecht. The dates of this artist’s birth and death are unknown. Nothing certain is recorded of him except that he presided over the guild of Utreclit, whilst Cornelis Poelemburg, Jan Both, and Jan Weenix formed the council of that body, in 1649. According to the majority of historians, Heusch was born in 1638, and was taught by Jan Both. But each of these statements seems open to doubt; and although it is obvious that the style of Heusch is identical with that of Both, it may be that the two masters during their travels in Italy fell under the influence of Claude Lorraine, whose “ Arcadian ” art they imitated. Heusch certainly painted the same effects of evening in wide expanses of country varied by rock formations and lofty thin-leaved arborescence as Both. There is little to distinguish one master from the other, except that of the two Both is perhaps the more delicate colourist. The guild of Utrecht in the middle of the 17th century was composed of artists who clung faithfully to each other. Poelemburg, who painted figures for Jan Both, did the same duty for Heusch. Sometimes Heusch sketched landscapes for the battlepieces of Molenaer. The most important examples of Heusch are in the gal- leries of the Hague and Rotterdam, in the Belvedere at Vienna, the Staédel at Frankfort, and the Louvre. His pictures are signed with the full name, beginning with a monogram combining a G (for Guilliam), D, and H. Heusch’s etchings, of which thirteen are known, are also in the character of those of Both. After Guilliam there also flourished at Utrecht his nephew, Jacob de Heusch, who signs like his uncle, substituting an initial J for the initial G. He was born at Utrecht in 1657, learnt draw- ing from his uncle, and travelled early to Rome, where he acquired friends and patrons for whom he executed pictures after hisreturn. He settled fora time at Berlin, but finally retired to Utrecht, where he died in 1701. Jacob was an “ Arcadian,” like his relative, and an imitator of Both, and he chiefly painted Italian harbour views. But his pictures are now scarce. Two of his canvases, the Ponte Rotto at Rome, in the Brunswick Gallery, and a lake harbour with