804 TABLE OF GENERIC DETERMINATIVE SIGNS continued. TABLE OF GENERIC DETERMINATIVE SIGNS continued. SIGN. VARIANTS REl RI SEJSTIKG DETERMINING IDEAS. SIGN. VARIANTS. REPRESENTING DETERMINING IDEAS. 71
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canal, or road ways, journeys ; separa o tion, to chase ; times, 91 o o o (often con rings metals ; precious solids ; periods fused with resins, &c. 92) 72 nrrrn block of stone stones, bricks, different kinds of rocks; objects 92 o o o . . . round grains sand; powder; flour in stone ; mineral sub stances 93 Q packet to envelop, embalm ; develop, count 73 _jfcc< boat ships, boats ; navigation ; j voyages, journeys 94 Q~j same, with jet smells (good and bad) . j of liquid and odnriferousobjects ; 74 ) ) ? sail sails; air; to breathe; filth, corruption Y freshness, pleasure ; winds and their geo THE READING OF IDEOGRAPHIC SIGNS. graphical directions The Egyptians used not only simple letters and 75 <=*=* roll of papyrus writings, books ; designs, paintings; calculations, syllabic signs, but also ideographs, to write words. The reading- of these ideographs is obtained in divers quantities ; to know, ways. It is often furnished by the analysis of proper thought, &c. names of which there are transcriptions, though the 76 tie of a roll to write, books ; know result is sometimes approximative. Another method is
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ledge ; to tie, close, the study of variants , when a phonetic form of a word finish replaces the ideographic sign, in the same text. Often also the ideograph is written as a determinative after 77 k^l (varied) cover of mum my-case ; dif ferent forms of mummy-case, embalm ing ; abode, divers places the phonetic equivalent. (Hence the great importance of publishing collations of known texts, a work to be case recommended to new students.) 78 1 post to wandor, journey, land ; foreign peoples and names; impiety, When a word is written by a single ideograph, and above all when it is a substantive, it is most commonly distinguished by the marks 1, c, or their combinations &c. ^ 1 , ^^. Thus i v. i is the letter s, ^ | , le, the 79 | graver, or plane?
- o lessen, polish ; ivory,
basin. ^ bone; to clean, em THE COMBINATION OF SIGNS OF DIFFERENT balm, &c. KINDS IN WRITING WORDS. 80 V, cnife, or sword
- o cut, prick, &c. ; kill,
In texts w hich shew a certain development, and above beat ; separate ; whet all in hieratic manuscripts, where the signs are always 81 oaf jread ; victuals ; provi more abundant, many words are written phonetically and Q==D sions of all kinds; followed by one or more determinatives. In such a riches case, the determinative which is most general is written 82 . )asket with dia estivals ; joy, pleasure last : thus "?k AAA/WA ->2. X T& ^ Wu ^b-_. kanen, "to become
mond-shaped object __^ /*. -> J L "yj=J weak, feebleness" Copt. (JftOff; soft,- where thephonetic letters are followed by the determinatives for (i) repose. 83 u Basket largeness ; victuals and offerings carried in basket ./ i i / i. f feebleness, (2) crossing, bending, (3) evil, unfortunate. A word expressed by an ideograph may be followed by a generic determinative. (The same is the case when 84 If vase with cover oil; wax ; perfumes ; salt a word is written phonetically with its ideograph as a provisions first determinative, of course special.) 85
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./vv vase, or double )erfumes, fats, ointments; EXPLETIVE SIGNS. especially n vase wine; liquids in general There are i few expletives which were not pronounced, 80 ^, tor wine) vase midst ; repose ; heart ; and had a purely graphic use. The most important is the feelings roll ^-~-, , the determinative of writing, knowledge, &c. 87 . X paltisi* crossing; mixture; mul tiplication ; flexion, It is sometimes used as a sign of separation or as disjunc tive. The signs o, 1, ^ 1, ^ o, are often used as pure reflexion ; transitive expletives, adding nothing to the idea or the sound. 1 or ve rbs <=> is frequently added to a determinative; it is almost 88 8 cnot or aacket stuffs, dresses ; bands, &c. the rule, when the space needs it : I-~ <y> <_ > &> mennefcr, Memphis. In such cases the expletive 89 CZDt oval band (or oval, orbit; name (names j ordinarity follows the g-ender of the substantive, | for seal ?) of royal personages ! written within deter minative) masc., <=> for fern. The phonetic value of <=, t, as feminine final, sometimes causes perplexity, but its expletive character is clear in other cases. The sign I, which (like 90 o ring or circle renewal; a time; totality ; ^) is not always expletive, has similar uses. It is circle written after <rr>, thus <^ > , even for final r. With v
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