and imprisonment; but in a short refutation of the " predestinarian heresy," which he himself shortly afterwards wrote and circulated, he so failed to do justice to the orthodox faith as to elicit the censure of llatramnus of Corvey, who was afterwards supported by Prudentius of Troyes, Lupus of Ferri6res, and a large Augustinian party (850). Hincmar now summoned the dialectic skill of John Scotus Erigena to his aid, and the controversy became general. Another synod held at Quierzy in 853 passed the four " Capitula Carisiaca," which in substance taught that there is but one divine predestination ; that free will, lost by the fall, is restored by the preventing and assisting grace of Christ ; that God wills generally that all men should be saved ; and that the blood of Christ was shed for all. These were answered by the six canons of the (Lotharingian) synod of Valence, which elicited from Hincmar, two years afterwards, the De Pr<xdestinatione Dei et Libero Arbitrio Libri tres, of which all that is now extant is the prefatory letter to the king. By the synod of Langres (S. Lingonensis, 859), however, the articles of Valence were confirmed, a decision which was afterwards supported by the general synod held at Savona or Savon- nieres, otherwise known as the Concilium Tullense (859). Hincmar now published the Posterior de Prcedestinatione Dei et Libero Arbitrio Dissertatio, but without influencing the voice of the church ; nor was he more successful in his controversy with Gottschalk on the Trinity, his Colledio ex Sanctis Script ur is et Orthodoxorum Dictis against the phrase "Trina Deitas" having been totally disregarded; he had, however, the satisfaction of preventing the release of Gottschalk, who died in prison in 863. While these speculative controversies were doubtfully raging, Hincmar found scope for his greater practical talent in the events which followed the death of the emperor Lothair in 855, and which chiefly resulted in the strengthening of clerical ascendency. Having saved Charles from the hands of his own nobles and of the Germans, the great metropolitan was in a position at last to say, "If kings rule after God s will, they are subject to none; if they be great sinners then is their judgment in the hands of the bishops." In 860 began the divorce suit in which the interests of Thietberga, the oppressed queen of Lothair II., were involved ; and here, undoubtedly, the whole weight of Hincmar s influence was thrown into the scale of morality and right. His contribu tion to the discussion is still extant in the treatise De Divortio Lotarii et Teutbergce Regime (860). While this controversy still remained unsettled, Hincmar became involved in a struggle with the pope (Nicholas I.), which is of very considerable historical importance from the part which was played in it by the newly introduced " Isidorian " decretals, and from the effect which it had in limiting the rights of metropolitans. Rothad, bishop of Soissons, having been deposed for acts of insubordination and violations of duty at a synod of Soissons presided over by Hincmar in 863, had appealed to Rome ; the appeal had been sustained ; and ultimately in 865 orders were given that the judgment of Hincmar should be reversed, and that his suffragan should be restored to his office. The decision, which, though not without murmuring and contentions, was acquiesced in by Hincmar, was an important step in the development of the hierarchical monarchy of Rome. Hincmar was somewhat more successful when he found himself in opposition to the successor of Nicholas, Adrian II. This pope, who highly disapproved of the action of the archbishop in crowning Charles as the successor of King Lothair of Lorraine in 869, had fulminated threats of excommunication against all who had been concerned in that action ; Hincmar replied that the Roman see had no right to interfere in such a matter, and that the impending ban would have no validity ; and the actual result was that, notwithstanding alike the protest of the emperor and the prohibition of the pope, Charles the Bald and Louis the German quietly divided the dominions of their nephew. Again, when Hincmar of Laon, his nephew and suffragan, had defied his authority and appealed to the pope, a long controversy resulted in the appellant s being imprisoned, degraded, and sentenced to the loss of his eyes (871). Of the remaining years of Hincmar s life few incidents are recorded; in 882 he was compelled by Norman invasion to transfer his see
to Epernay, where in the same year he died.
The works of Hincmar, which include, besides these already mentioned, a variety of capitula and other occasional pieces, were first edited by Sirmond in 2 vols. fol. (1645). They are reprinted in Migne s Cursus Patr. Comp. The Annalcs Bcrtiniani from 861 to 882 are also by Hincmar. See Gess, Merkwiirdigkeiten cms dem Leben und Schriftcn Hincmars (1806); Prichard, The Life and Times of Hincmar (1849); and Noorden, Hineiiiar, Erzbisehof von Rheims (1863).
HINDLEY, a manufacturing town of Lancashire, is situated on the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway, 3 miles south-east of Wigan. Cotton-spinning and the manufacture of cotton goods are the principal industries, and there are extensive coal-mines in the neighbourhood. Hindley possesses a grammar school, and among its places of worship may be mentioned the old parish church, and St Peter s church, erected in 1864 in the First Pointed style. In the time of the Puritan revolution Hindley church was entered by the Cavaliers, who played at cards in the pews, pulled down the pulpit, and tore the bible in pieces. The population in 1871 was 10,627.
HINDOL, one of the tributary states of Orissa, India, situated between 20 29 30" and 20 49 30" N. lat, and between 85 8 35" and 85 31 15" E. long. It is surrounded on all sides by native states, being bounded on the N. and E. by Dhenkanal, on the S. by Baramba and Narsiuhpur, and on the W. by Angul. Area, 312 square miles ; population (1872), 28,025 (Hindus, 23,345 ; Maho metans, 122; and "others," 4558). The Cuttack and Sam- balpur highroad runs through the state. Only five villages contain upwards of 1 00 houses. Hindol consisted originally of three or four petty states, completely buried in jungle, and ruled by separate chiefs, till two Marhattd brothers, belonging to the family of the Kimidi Raja in Madras, drove them out, and formed their territories into one principality. The present chief maintains a military force of 83 men, and a police force 133 strong. His estimated annual revenue is returned at .2082 ; tribute, 55.
HINDU KUSH is a title applied to the line of alpine watershed stretching W.S.W. from the southern margin of Pamir, the Caucasus of Alexander s historians, hich divides Afghanistan in a general sense from Afghan Turkestan, and the basin of the Cabul river from the basin of the Oxus. Looking towards the heait of a map of Asia, the eye is caught by that remarkable point where the great highland seems clenched as it were to a knot, whence expand in different directions (1) to east and south-east the great Tibetan plateau, (2) to north that of Pamir, and (3) to west that of Khorasan and Persia. Between the diverging masses run up the great basins of the Indus, the Yarkand river, and the Oxus. Some dim memory of these great features perhaps, trans formed and transplanted further east, appears in the cosmography of the Puranas, in which the mythical Ganges falling on Mount Meru divides into four great rivers flowing to the cardinal points
know the mountain structure, the more we learn the more evanescent becomes this idea of triplicity as typifying the true skeleton. This node is in fact the place of contact or
intersection of two great elevations : (1) of the Himalaya,
