ings of Edwards himself. They may be Bummed up as follows : (1) God is the efficient cause of all the volitions of the human heart, whether these be good or evil ; (2) the guilt of Adam s first sin lies upon Adam alone ; moral corruption consists exclusively in the opposition offered by the human heart to the doing of that which it is really and fully capable of doing ; (3) all virtue or true holiness consists in disinterested benevolence; (4) all sin consists in selfish ness ; (5) reconciliation and redemption are fundamentally dis tinct ; the former opens the gate of mercy, the latter applies to individuals Christ s saving benefits ; (6) effectual calling consists in a willingness to allow himself to be saved, produced in the heart of the sinner by God ; (7) although the righteousness of Christ is the sole ground of the sinner s justification, yet is that righteousness not imputed; (8) repentance is prior in point of time to the exercise of faith in Christ.
The works of Hopkins, first published in two volumes at Boston in 1791, ap peared in a 2d edition in 1811. The latest and best edition is that of 1852, in three volumes, also publi-hed at Biston; to it there is prefixed a biographical sketch by Professor Park of Andover.
HOPKINSON, Francis (1737–1791), an American author, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde pendence, was born at Philadelphia in 1737. He studied at the college of Philadelphia, and after graduating in 1763, resolved to prepare himself for the legal profession. After being admitted to the bar in 1765, he spent two years in England, an I on his return in 1768 he obtained a lucrative public appointment in New Jersey. In 1776-77 he repre sented that State in Congress. In 1779 he was appointed judge of admiralty for Pennsylvania, and in 1790 district judge for the same state. He died at Philadelphia 9th May 1791. Hopkinson was the author of several songs to which he wrote popular airs, and of various political poems, pamphlets, and jeux (V esprit, which from their humorous satire had a wide circulation, and powerfully assisted in arousing and fostering the spirit of political independence that issued in the American Revolution.
His principal writings are The Pretty Story, 1774 ; The Prophecy, 1776; The, Political Catechism, 1777. Among his songs may be mentioned The Treaty, The Buttle of the Keys, and The New Roof, <i Song for Federal Mechanics ; and the best known of his satirical pieces are Typographical Method of conducting a Quarrel, Essay on White Washing, and Modern Learning. His Miscellaneous Essays and Occasional Writings Were published at Philadelphia in 3 vols., 1792.
HOPPNER, John (1758–1810), English portrait-painter, was born, it is said, on April 4, 1758, at Whitechapel. His father was of German extraction, and his mother was one of the German attendants at the royal palace. Hoppner was consequently brought early under the notice and re ceived the patronage of George III., whose regard for him gave rise to unfounded scandal. As a boy he was a chorister at the royal chapel, but showing strong inclination for art, he in 1775 entered as a student at the Royal Academy. In 1778 he took a silver medal for drawing from the life, and in 1782 the Academy s highest award, the gold medal for historical painting, his subject being King Lear. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1780. Hi.s earliest love was for landscape, but necessity obliged him to turn to the more lucrative business of portrait- painting. At once successful, he had, throughout life, the most fashionable and wealthy sitters, and was the greatest rival of the growing attraction of Lawrence. Ideal subjects were very rarely attempted by Hoppner, though a Sleeping Venus, Belisarius, Jupiter and lo, a Bacchante, and Cupid and Psyche are mentioned among his works. The prince of Wales especially patronized him, and many of his finest portraits are in the state apartments at St James s Palace, the best perhaps being those of the prince, of the duke and duchess of York, of Lord Rodney, and of Lord Nelson. Among his other sitters we may mention Sir Walter Scott, Wellington, Frere, and Sir George Beaumont. Competent judges have deemed his most successful works to be his portraits of women and children. A Scries of Portraits of Ladies was published by him in 1803, and a volume of translations of Eastern tales into English verse in 1805. The verse is of but mediocre quality. In his later years Hoppner suffered from a chronic disease of the liver : he died January 23, 1810. He was confessedly an imitator of Reynolds. When first painted, his works were much admired for the brilliancy and harmony of their colouring, but they have been much injured by lapse of time. His drawing is faulty, but his touch has qualities of breadth and freedom that give to his paintings a faint reflexion of the charm of Reynolds. Hoppner was a man of great social power, and had the knowledge and accomplishments of a man of the world.
HOR, Mount (inn in, "s} p T0 5^ a i f ty anf j con . spicuous double-topped mountain in Arabia Petraa, form ing part of the great Jurassic chain of Shera or Seir. It stands on the eastern edge of the great valley of the Arabah, which extends from the head of the Gulf of Akabah to the valley of the Jordan, and it is referred to in Scripture as ; on the border" or "at the edge" of the land of Edom (Numb. xx. 23, xxxiii. 37). According to the most recent measurements, its height is 4800 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Hor was the first halting-place of the Israelites after they had turned from Kadesh on their way southwards towards Zalmonah and the Red Sea, in order to encompass the land of Edom ; and it was while the host was encamped at Kadesh that Aaron ascended this moun tain to die. This last event is commemorated in the modern name of the mountain, Djebel Nebi Harun, " the hill of the prophet Aaron," whose " tomb," a small square Saracenic structure, now occupies one of the summits. Another Mount Hor (TO opos TO opo?, LXX.) is mentioned in Scripture in the passage which (Numb, xxxiv. 7, 8) defines the northern boundary of the prospective con quests of the Israelites. It is probably to be identified with Lebanon.
HORACE (65–8 b.c.). No ancient writer has been at once so familiarly known and so generally appreciated in modern times as Quintus Horatius Flaccus. We seem to know his tastes and habits, and almost to catch the tones of his conversation, from his own works, as we know the character and manner of Dr Johnson from the pages of Boswell. His twofold function of a satiric moralist and a lyric poet give a peculiar value both to his self-por traiture and to the impressions which he has left of his age. From his Satires, which deal chiefly with the manners and outward lives of men, we know him in his relations to society and his ordinary moods ; from his Epistles, which deal more with the inner life, we best understand his deepest convictions and the practical side of his philo sophy ; while his Odes have perpetuated the finest pleasure which he derived from art, nature, and the intercourse of life, have idealized some of the graver as well as the lighter aspects of his reflexion, and given an elevated ex pression to his sympathy with the national ideas and movement of his time.
His own writings afford much the fullest and most trust worthy materials for his biography and for the estimate of his character. But a few facts, in addition to those recorded by the poet himself, are known from the short life originally contained in the work of Suetonius, De Viris Illustrious.
Horace was born on the 8th of December 65 b.c., in the consulship of L. Manlius Torquatus and L. Aurelius Cotta (Ode iii. 21, 1 ; Epode 13, 6). His birthplace was the town of Venusia on the borders of Lucania and Apulia, whence he describes himself an "Lucanus an Apulus anceps" (Sat. ii. 1, 34). In his " Journey to Brundusium "(Sat. i. 5) he marks his recognition of the familiar shapes of the Apulian hills—
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" Incipit ex illo montes Apulia notos Ostcntare mihi ;"
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