Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/307

 

Horticulture.—Index of Principle Subjects.

Achimenes, 265. Celery, 281. Fruits, 268 ; store-room Lamb s lettuce, 281. Pelargonium, 263. Scorzonera, 287. Agave, 262. Cherry, 270. for, 227. Lawns, 248. Pentstemon, 258. Sea-kale, 287. Almond, 269. Chicory, 281. Fuchsia, 263. Leaves, development of, Perennials, 249. Seed, formation of, 215. Aloe, 262. Chives, 281. Furnaces, 228 212. Petunia, 264. Selection, 217. Amaryllis, 265. Chrysanthemum, 254. Garden, formation of, Leek, 284. Phlox, 258. Service, 276. Anemone, 253. Cineraria, 262. 217 ; flower, 247 ; Lettuce, 284. Pine-apple, 274. Shallot, 288. Annuals, 248. Coleus, 266. fruit, 268 ; kitchen, Lily, 257. Pinery, 223. Shelter for plants, 219. Antirrhinum, 253. Composts, 232. 278. Lobelia, 257. Pink, 258. Shrubs, 260. Apple, 260. Conservatory, 222. Gardener s house, 220. Manures, 232. Pits, 225. Skirret, 288. Apricot, 269. Corn-salad, 281. Gardening calendar, 290. Medlar, 271. Planting, 214, 239. Soil, 217, 232. Artichoke, 278 ; Jerusa Correa, 263. Garlic, 283. Melon, 271. Pleasure ground, 247. Sorrel, 288. lem, 283. Cranberry, 270. Garnishing herbs, 289. Melon house, 224. Plum, 275. Spinach, 288; New Zea Asparagus, 278. Cress, 281; Indian, 285; Germination, 217. Mesembryanthemum,263. Poinsettia, 266. land, 285; mountain, Auricula, 253. water, 289. j Gladiolus, 255. Moisture for plants, Polyanthus, 259. 285. Azalea, 262. Crocus, 255. Gloxinia, 266. 231. Potato, 286. Sports, 214. Bean, 279; kidney, 283. Crown imperial, 255. Gooseberry, 271. Mulberry, 272. Potentilla, 259. Spur pruning, 243, 277. Bedding plants, 261. Cucumber, 282. Gourd, 283. Mushroom, 284. Potting, 239. Store-room, fruit, 227. Beet, 279. Cucumber house, 224. Grafting, 213, 236. Mushroom house, 226. Primrose, 259. Stove plants, 264. Begonia, 265. Culinary herbs, 289 Grape, 277. Mustard, 284. Primula, 264. Strawberry, 276. Biennials, 249. Currant, 270. Greenhouse, 222. Narcissus, 257. Propagation, 234. Tomato, 288. Boilers for heating, 228. Cuttings, 237. Greenhouse plants, 261. Nasturtium, 285. Pruning, 214, 241. Tools, 233. Borecole, 279. Cyclamen, 263. Hazel nut, 272. Nectarine, 272. Pumpkin, 283. Training, 214, 244, 273. Bottom heat, 212. Dahlia, 255. Heat, bottom, 212. New Zealand spinach, Pyrethrum, 259. Transplanting, 214, 239. Bouvardia, 265. Delphinium, 255. Heating apparatus, 227. 285. Quince, 276. Trees, ornamental, 260. Broccoli, 279. Dracaena, 266. Heliotrope, 263. Nut, 272. Radish, 286. Tulip, 259. Brussels sprouts, 279. Edgings, walk, 220. Herbs, kitchen, 289. Oca, 285. Rampion, 287. Turnip, 288. Budding, 237. Egg plant, 282. Hollyhock, 256. Onion, 285. Ranunculus, 259. Turnip-cabbage, 283. Buds, development of, Endive, 282. Horseradish, 283. Orach, 285. Raspberry, 276. Tydsea, 266. 212. Erica, 263. Hot-houses, 221. Orange, 272. Reversion, 217. Vegetable marrow, 283. Cabbage, 280. Eucharis, 266. Houses, plant, 221. Orchard house, 225 , trees Rhododendron, 260. Vegetables, 278. Cactus, 205. Fencing, 219. Hyacinth, 256. for, 278. Rhubarb, 287. Ventilation, 231. Caladium, 266. Ferns, 267. Hybridization, 216. Orchids, 266. Richardia, 264. Vine, 277. Calceolaria, 262. Fertilization, 215. Hygrometry, 231. Oxalis, 285. Ringing, 244. Vinery, 223. Calendar, gardening, 290. Fig, 271. Implements, 233. Pasony, 257. Rocambole, 287. Walks, 219. Camellia, 262. Flavouring herbs, 289. Indian cress, 285. Palms, 267. Roots, development of, Walls, garden, 220. Capsicum, 280. Flowers, 247 ; develop Iris, 256. Pansy, 258. 211; pruning, 244. Walnut, 277. Cardoon, 280. ment of, 215. Jerusalem artichoke, 283. Parsnip, 285. Rose, 260. Water-cress, 289. Carnation, 254. Forcing, 215, 246. Kale, 279. Pea, 285. Salsafy, 287. Watering, 212, 240. Carrot, 280. Frames, 225, 226. Kidney bean, 283. Peach, 272. Salvia, 264. Water supply, 219. Cauliflower, 281. French bean, 283. Kitchen garden, 278. Peach house, 224. Savoy, 287. Witloef, 281. Celeriac, 281. Fruit borders, 268. Kohl Rabi, 283. Pear, 274. Scarlet runner, 283. Yam, Chinese, 289.

HOSEA, the son of Beeri. the first in order of the minor prophets. The name Hosea (V^n, LXX. Onje, Vulg. Osee, and so our English version in Rom. ix. 25) ought rather to be written Hoshea, and is identical with that borne by the last king of Ephraim, and by Joshua in Num. xiii. 16, Daut. xxxii. 44. Of the life of Hosea we know nothing beyond what can be gathered from his prophecies. That he was a citizen of the northern kingdom appears from the whole tenor of the book, but most expressly from i. 2, where " the land," the prophet s land, is the realm of Israel, and vii. 5, where " our king " is the king of Samaria. The date at which Hosea nourished is given in the title, i. 1, by the reigning kings of Judah and Israel. He prophesied (1) in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah ; (2) in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel. As Jeroboam II. died in the lifetime of Uzziah, these two determinations of the period of Hosea s prophetic activity are not strictly coin cident, and a question arises whether both are from the same hand or of equal authority. There is no doubt that the date of Jeroboam II. applies to chaps, i. and ii., which were written before the downfall of the dynasty of Jehu (i. 4), and while the nation was still enjoying the prosperity that distinguished Jeroboam s reign. On the other hand, it seems equally certain that chaps, iv.-xiv. are in their present form a continuous composition dating from the period of anarchy subsequent to that king s death. Thus it seems natural to suppose, with Ewald and other scholars, that the name of Jeroboam originally stood in a special title to chaps, i., ii. (or to these along with chap, iii.), which was afterwards extended to a general heading for the whole book by the insertion of the words "of Uzziah .... and in the days of." As Hosea himself can hardly be supposed to have thus converted a special title into a general one, the scholars who take this view suppose further that the date by Judsean reigns was added by a later hand, the same perhaps which penned the identical date in the title to Isaiah. On this view the Judaean date merely expresses knowledge on the part of some Hebrew scribe that Hosea was a contemporary of Isaiah. The plausibility of this hypothesis is greatly increased by the fact that there does not appear to be anything in the book of Hosea that is clearly as late as the reign of Hezekiah. On the contrary, the latter part of the book seems to have been written before the expedition of Tiglath Pileser against Pekah in the days of Ahaz. In tliat war Gilead and Galilee were conquered and depopulated (2 Kings xv. 29), but Hosea repeatedly refers to these districts as still form ing an integral part of the kingdom of Israel (v. 1, vi. 8, xii. 11; contrast Micah vii. 14). Assyria is never referred to as a hostile power, but as a dangerous ally, from which some of the godless Ephraimites were ready to seek the help which another party expected from Egypt, but which in truth was to be found only in Jehovah (v. 13, vii. 11, viii. 9, xii. 1, xiv. 3). This picture precisely corresponds with what we read in 2 Kings xv. of the internal dissen sions which rent the northern kingdom after the fall of the house of Jehu, when Menahem called in the Assyrians to help him against those who challenged his pretensions to the throne. Under Pekah of Israel, and Ahaz his contem porary in Judah, the political situation was altogether changed. Israel was in alliance with Damascus, and Assyria made open war on the allies (2 Kings xvi.). This new situation may be said to mark a crisis in the history of Old Testament prophecy, for to it we owe the magnificent series of Isaiah s Assyrian discourses (Isa. vii. seq.). But the events which stirred Judaean prophets so deeply have left no trace in the book in which Hosea sums up the record of his teaching. He foresees that captivity and desolation lie in the future, but even in his last words of