his life. Yet this was Humboldt s case. The first two volumes of the Kosmos were published, and in the main composed, between the years 1845 and 1847. The idea of a work which should convey, not only a graphic description, but an imaginative conception of the physical world which should support generalization by details, and dignify details by generalization, had floated before his mind for upwards of half a century. It first took definite shape in a set of lectures delivered by him before the university of Berlin in the winter of 1827-28. These lectures formed, as his latest biographer expresses it, " the cartoon for the great fresco of the Kosmos" The scope of this remarkable work may be briefly described as the representation of the unity amid the complexity of nature. In it the large and vague ideals of the 18th are sought to be combined with the exact scientific recpuirements of the 19th century. And, in spite of inevitable shortcomings, the attempt was in an eminent degree successful. Nevertheless, the general effect of the book is rendered to some extent unsatisfactory by its tendency to substitute the indefinite for the infinite, and thus to ignore, while it does not deny, the existence of a power outside and beyond those of nature. A certain heaviness of style, too, and laborious picturesqueness of treatment make it more imposing than attractive to the general reader. Its supreme and abiding value, however, consists in its faithful reflexion of the mind of a great man. No higher eulogium can be passed on Alexander von Humboldt than that, in attempting, and not unworthily attempting, to portray the universe, he succeeded still more perfectly in portraying his own comprehensive intelli gence. The last decade of his long life his " improbable " years, as he was accustomed to call them was devoted to the con tinuation of this work, of which the third and fourth volumes were published in 1850-58, and a fragment of a fifth appeared posthumously in 1862. In these he sought to fill up what was wanting of detail as to individual branches of science in the sweeping survey contained in the first volume. Notwithstanding their high separate value, it must be admitted that, from an artistic point of view, these additions were deformities. The characteristic idea of the work, so far as such a gigantic idea admitted of literary incorporation, was completely developed in its opening portions, and the attempt to convert it into a scientific encyclopgedia was in truth to nullify its generating motive. Humboldt s remarkable industry and accuracy were never more conspicuous than in the erection of this latest trophy to his genius. Nor did he rely entirely on his own labours. He owed much of what he accomplished to his rare power of assimilating the thoughts and availing himself of the co-operation of others. He was not more ready to incur than to acknowledge obligations. The notes to Kosmos overflow with laudatory citations, which were, indeed, the current coin in which he discharged his intellectual debts. On the 24th of February 1857 Humboldt was attacked with a slight apoplectic stroke, which, however, passed away without leaving any perceptible trace. It was not until the winter of 1858-59 that his strength began to decline, and on the ensuing 6th of May he tranquilly expired, wanting but six months of completing his ninetieth year. The honours which had been showered on him during life followed him after death. His remains, pre viously to being interred in the family resting-place at Tegel, were conveyed in state through the streets of Berlin, and received by the prince-regent with uncovered head at the door of the cathedral. The first centenary of his birth was celebrated September 14, 1869, with equal enthusiasm in the New as in the Old World; and the numerous monu ments erected in his honour, and newly-explored regions 345 called by his name, bear witness to the universal diffusion of his fame and popularity. Humboldt was never married, and seems to have been at all times more social than domestic in his tastes. To his brother s family he was, however, much attached ; and in his later years the somewhat arbitrary sway of an old and faithful servant held him in more than matrimonial bond age. By a singular example of weakness, he executed, four years before his death, a deed of gift transferring to this man Seifert the absolute possession of his entire property. It is right to add that no undue advantage appears to have been taken of this extraordinary concession. Of the qualities of his heart it is less easy to speak than of those of his head. The clue to his inner life might probably be found in a certain egotism of self-culture which influenced his affections as well as regulated his studies. His attach ments, however, once formed, were sincere and lasting. He made innumerable friends ; and it does not stand on record that he ever lost one. His benevolence was through out his life active and disinterested. His early zeal for the improvement of the condition of the miners in Galicia and Franconia, his consistent detestation of slavery, his earnest patronage of rising men of science, bear witness to the large humanity which formed the ground-work of his character. The faults of his old age have been brought into undue prominence by the injudicious publication of his letters to Varnhagen von Eiise. The chief of these was his habit of smooth speaking, almost amounting to flattery, which formed a painful contrast with the caustic sarcasm of his confidential utterances. His vanity, at all times conspicuous, was tempered by his sense of humour, and was so frankly avowed as to invite sympathy rather than provoke ridicule. After every deduction has been made, he yet stands before us as a colossal figure, not unworthy to take his place beside Goethe as the represen tative of the scientific side of the culture of his country. The Lust biography of Humboldt is that of Professor Karl Brulms (3 vols., 8vo, Leipsic, 1872), excellently translated into English by the Misses Lassell, with tbe omission, however, of the exhaustive bibliographical notice and scientific summary contained in the original. The Voyage aux regions equinoxialcs du Nouveau Con tinent, fait I lSS-l&Qk^mrAlcxandrcdcHumboldtctAimeBonpland, (Paris, 1807, &c.), consisted of thirty folio and quarto volumes, and comprised a considerable number of subordinate but important works. Among these may be enumerated Vue dcs Cordilleres et monuments dcs peujiles indigines de I Amtrique, 2 vols., folio, 1810 ; Examcn critique dc Vhiatoire dc la geographic du NOUVCOM Continent, 1814-34 ; Atlas geographique et physiqitedu royaume de la Nouvcllc Espagne, 1811 ; Essai politique sur le royaumc de la Nouvelle Espagne, 1811 ; Essai sur la geoyrapliie des plantcs, 1805 (now very rare); and Relation historique, 1814-25, an unfinished narrative of his travels, including the Essai poliiique sur Vile de Cuba. The Nova genera ct species plantarum (7 vols, folio, 1815-25), containing descriptions of above 4500 species of plants collected by Humboldt and Bonpland, was mainly compiled by C. S. Kunth ; Oltmanns assisted in preparing the Recueil d 1 observations astroiiomiqucs, 1808 ; Cuvier, Latreille, Valenciennes, and Gay-Lussac co-operated in the Recueil d observations de zoologie ct d f anatomic comparec, 1805-33. Humboldt s Ansiclitcn der Natur (Stuttgart and Tubingen, 1808) went through three editions in his lifetime, and was translated into nearly every European language. The results of his Asiatic journey were published in Fragments de geologic et de climatoloyie asiatiqucs, (2 vols. 8vo, 1831), and in Asie centrale(% vols. 8vo, 1843) an enlargement of the earlier work. The memoirs and papers read by him before scientific societies, or contributed by him to scientific periodicals, are too numerous for specification. Since his death considerable portions of his correspondence have been made public. The first of these, in order both of time and of importance, is his Brief e an Varnliagen von Ense, Leipsic, 1860. This was followed in rapid succession by Brieficceltsel mit cincm j an gen Frcundc (Friedrich Althaus), Berlin, 1861 ; Bricfwechsel mit Heinrich Bcryhaus, 3 vols., Jena, 1863 ; Corrcspondance scientifiquc et litteraire, 2 vols. , Paris, 1865-69 ; Lett-res A Marc- Aug. 1 ictct, pub lished in Le Globe, tome vii., Geneva, 1868 ; Briefe an Bunsen, Leipsic, 1869 ; Briefe an seincn Brudcr IVilhclm, Stuttgart, 1880 ; besides some other collections of less note. An octavo edition of Humboldt s principal works was published iu Paris byTh. Morgand, 1864-66. (A. M. C.)
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