H U N H U K, 399 and a national school. The principal other buildings of Huntingdon are the county jail, completed in 1827 ; the militia barracks, erected in 1852 ; the town and county hospital, erected in 1853; the corn exchange ; the town- hall, whose ground floor is used for the courts of justice ; and the rooms of the literary and scientific institution. The lumse in which Oliver Cromwell was born is still standing. Of the three old monastic foundations formerly belonging to the town there are now no remains. The industries of Huntingdon and Godmanchester are very much alike. They possess iron-foundries, breweries, tile- works, and oil and flour mills. The area of the parlia mentary borough of Huntingdon is 6086 acres, the municipal boroughs of Godmanchester and Huntingdon occupying 4970 acres and 1116 acres respectively. In 1871 the population of the parliamentary borough was G606, that of the municipal boroughs of Godmanchester and Huntingdon being respectively 2363 and 4243. Huntingdon existed in the time of the Saxons under the name of Hmitantun, and iu the Norman survey it is mentioned as Hunters- dune. The castle erected at it by Edward the Elder in 919, and afterwards enlarged by David, king of Scotland, was demolished by the orders of Henry II. In 1645 the town was plundered by the Royalists under Charles I. The origin of the town was doubtless closely connected with that of Godmanchester, which occupied the site of the Roman station Durolipons, and at which a castle is said to have been founded by Gormund (hence the name of the town, formerly Gormunchester), a Danish chief in the reign of Alfred the Great. Huntingdon was first incorporated in 1206 and God manchester in 1605. From an early period Huntingdon returned two members to parliament ; but the Reform Act of 1867 reduced the representa iion to one member. HUNTINGDON, SELINA, COUNTESS OF (1707-1791), leader of a sect of Calvinistic methodists, known as the Countess of Huntingdon s Connexion, was the daughter of Washington Shirley, second Earl Ferrers. She was born at Stanton Harold, a mansion near Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, August 24, 1707, and in her twenty-first year was married to Theophilus, ninth earl of Huntingdon. The religious influence of her husband s sisters, and a dangerous illness soon after her marriage, tended to deepen the serious impressions which the young countess had experienced from childhood ; and on the death of her husband in 1746, coming under the influence of the religious revival in which Wesley and Whitfield were at that time conspicuous, she resolved to join these preachers in actively furthering their aims. In 1748 she gave Whitfield a scarf as her chaplain, and in that capacity he frequently preached in her town house to the most fashion able audiences, in which sometimes such men as Chester field, Walpole, and Bolingbroke were found. Reducing her personal expenditure, and disregarding the sneers of her aristocratic acquaintances, Lady Huntingdon spent her ample means in building chapels in different parts of England, and appointed ministers to officiate in them, under the impression that as a peeress she had a right to employ as many chaplains as she would. In 1768 she con verted the old mansion of Trevecca, near Talgarth, in South Wales, into a theological seminary for training young ministers for the Connexion ; and this, which she made her chief residence, she continued to support alone till her death. Up to 1779 Lady Huntingdon and her chaplains con tinued members of the Church of England, but in that year the prohibition of her chaplains by the consistorial court from preaching in the Pantheon, a large building in London rented for the purpose by the countess, compelled her in order to evade the injunction to take shelter under the Toleration Act. This reluctant step, which placed her legally among dissenters, had the effect of severing from the. Connexion several eminent and useful members. Till her death in London, June 17, 1791, Lady Huntingdon continued to exercise an active, and even autocratic, super intendence over her chapels and chaplains, and maintained her leading position as well by her genuine earnest piety and force of character as by her high social station and generous liberality. Her chapels and college were be queathed to trustees; and in 1792 the latter was removed to Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, where it has since flourished. Several congregations of the Connexion have become nomi nally as well as virtually Congregational chapels ; while, even by those which retain the original name, the Congrega tional polity is practically adopted. The Life of the Countess of Huntingdon was published at London, in 2 vols., in 1844 ; The Coronet and tJw, Cross, or Memorials of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, by A. H. New, appeared in 1857. HUPFELD, HERMANN (1796-1866), an eminent Orien talist and Biblical commentator and critic, was born March 31, 1796, at Marburg, where he studied philosophy and theology from 1813 to 1817; in 1819 he became a teacher in the gymnasium at Hanau, but in 1822 he resigned that appointment. After studying for some time under Gesenius at Halle, he in 1824 "habilitated" in philosophy at that university, and in the following year he was appointed professor extraordinarius of theology at Marburg. There he received the ordinary professorships of Oriental languages and of .theology in 1827 and 1830 respectively ; thirteen years later he removed as successor of Gesenius to Halle. In 1865 he was accused by some theologians of the Hengstenberg school, before the minister of public worship, of having taught exegesis in a sense inconsistent with the recognized character of the Old Testament as a divine revelation. From this charge, however, he successfully vindicated himself, the entire theological faculty, including J. Miiller and Tholuck, bearing testimony to his essential orthodoxy. He died at Halle April 24, 1866. His earliest works in the department of Semitic philology (Exercitationes <sEthiopim, 1825, and De cmendanda ratione lexico- grapkicR Scmiticce, 1827) were followed by the first part (1841), mainly historical and critical, of an Ausfiihrliche Hebrdische Grammatik, which he did not live to complete, and by a "pro gram " on the early history of Hebrew grammar among the Jews (De rei grammatical apud Judceos imtiis antiquissimisquc scrip- toribus, 1846). His principal contribution to Biblical literature, a valuable though prosaic exegetical and critical Uebcrsetzung u. A usleyuny der Psalmen, began to appear in 1855, and was completed iu 1861 (2d ed. by Riehm, 1867-1871). Other writings are Ucber Bcgriff u. Methode der sogenannten biblischcn Einleitung (1844) ; De primitiva et vcra festorum apud Hebrceos ratione (1851-1864) ; Die Quellen der Genesis von neuem untersucht (1853), in which he dissects that book into an original writing, or " Urschrift," by the older Elohist, and the contributions by the younger Elohist and by the Jehovist respectively, the work of the "redactor " having been comparatively trifling ; Die hcutige theosophischc u. mythologische Thcologie u. Schrifterkldrung (1861) ; and various contributions to the Studien u. Kritiken, to the Journal of the Deutsche Morgen- landische Gesellschaft, and to the Neue EvangelischcKirchcnzcitung. See Riehm, Hermann Hupfdd (1867). KURD, RICHARD (1720-1808), bishop of Winchester, was born at Congreve, in the parish of Penkridge, Stafford shire, where his father was a farmer, on January 13, 1720. He received his early education at the grammar school of Brewood, in his native county, and made such progress in his studies that in October 1733 he was admitted a sizar of Emmanuel College, Oxford ; he did not begin residence, however, till a year or two afterwards. In 1739 he took the degree of B.A., and in 1742 he was ordained deacon, and for a short time had charge of the parish of Reymerston, between Thetford and Norwich ; but, having in the same year proceeded M.A. and been elected fellow of his college, he returned to Cambridge early in 1743. While residing there he was ordained priest in 1744, and in 1748 he pub lished his Remarks on a late Jtook, entitled an Enquiry into the Rejection of the Christian Miracles by the Heathen, ly William Weston, B.D., 1746. This controversial treatise,
which was characterized by considerable learning and
