Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 12.djvu/62

the "Theresianum" at Vienna, in 1808 the academy at Bern, in 1810 the archiepiscopal seminary at Vienna, and after wards he studied at Tyrnau and Ellwangen. He was ordained priest in 1815, and in the following year he went to Home, where he entered the society of the " Fathers of the Sacred Heart." Subsequently, at Munich and Bamberg, he was blamed for Jesuit and obscurantist tendencies, but obtained considerable reputation as a preacher. His first so-called miraculous cure was effected, in conjunction with a peasant Martin Michel, on a princess of Schwarzenberg who had been for some years paralytic. Immediately he acquired such fame as a performer of miraculous cures that multitudes from various countries nocked to partake of the beneficial influence of his supposed supernatural gifts. Ultimately, on account of the interference of the authorities with his operations, he went in 1821 to Vienna and then to Hungary, where he became canon at Grosswardein, and in 1844 titular bishop of Sardica. He died at Voslau near Vienna, 17th November 1849. He was the author of a number of ascetic and controversial writings, which were collected and published in one edition by Brunner at Ratisbon in 1851.

See Paulus, Quintfssenz aus Anfang, Mitte, und Ende dcr Wun- dcrcurversuche, welche zu IVurzburg und Bamberg durch Mart. Michel und den Prinzen von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst unternommen ivorden sind, Leipsic, 1822.

HOHENMAUTH, the chief town of a government district in Bohemia, Austria, is situated on the Lautchna, and on the Austrian States Railway 16 miles E. of Chrudim. It possesses a beautiful old decanal church, and has cloth manufactures, a brewery, a tannery, a sugar work, and flour and sago mills. It depends for its prosperity largely on the agriculture of the neighbourhood. The population in 1869 was 6018.

HOHENSTEIN, a town of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, stands on the slopes of the Erzgebirge, and on the Saxon States Railway, 12 miles N.E. of Zwickau. Since 1875 Ernstthal has been included within its limits. Hohenstein proper possesses a beautiful parish church, a town-house re stored in 1876, and a monument to those who fell in the Prussian war of 1870–71; and Ernstthal has also a fine parish church. The principal industry is the spinning and weaving of cotton, the manufacture of waxcloth, stockings, and woollen and silk fabrics, cotton printing, and dyeing. Many of the inhabitants are also employed in the neigh bouring arsenic mines. Not far from Hohenstein there is a mineral spring, connected with which there are various kinds of baths. Hohenstein is the birthplace of the physicist G. H. von Schubert, and of Schroter, one of the inventors of the pianoforte. The building of Ernstthal was occasioned in 1680 by the presence of the plague at Hohenstein, and it received its name from Count Christian Ernst of Schonburg, who was the principal instigator of its erection. The population of Hohenstein in 1875, including Ernstthal with a population of 4118, was 9844.

HOHENZOLLERN, an old German princely house, from which the present dynasty of Prussia is descended, takes its name from the old castle of Zollern, or Hohenzollern, on the mountain of Zollern, about 1$\scriptstyle {\frac {1}{1}}$ miles south from Hechingen. There is a vague tradition connecting the house with the Colonna family of Borne, or the Colalto family of Lombardy, and a more definite one which men tions a Swabian count, Thassilo of Burchardinger, as having built the castle of Zollern about the beginning of the 9th century. The first counts of Zollern of whom there is historical mention are Burchard and Wezel, apparently brothers, who in 1061 fell in one of the party feuds during the minority of the emperor Henry IV. Count Frederick III. of Zolre, who died in 1200, one of the trusted councillors of the emperors Frederick I. and Henry VI., became count of Nuremberg in 1191, through having married the heiress of Count Conrad II. of Nuremberg. His sons, Conrad III. and Frederick IV., succeeded to the joint possession of his titles and estates, and founded respectively the Frankish and the Swabian lines. The Frankish house steadily and uninterruptedly increased its possessions and its influence; in 1363 it was raised to princely rank in the person of Frederick V.; in 1415 it obtained through Frederick VI. the electorate of Brandenburg from the emperor Sigismund; and in 1701 its head, the elector Frederick III., became the first king of Prussia. The influence of the Swabian line was greatly weakened by parti tions, but in the beginning of the 16th century it rose to some eminence through Count Eitel Frederick II., privy councillor of the emperor Maximilian L, who received from the emperor the district of Hargerloch in exchange for Rhaziins, in the Grisons, which had come into his family by marriage. His grandson, Charles L, received in 1529 from the emperor Charles V. the countships of Sigmaringen and Vb hr mgen. Eitel Frederick III. and Charles II. divided their states, the former taking Hohen- zullern with the title Hohenzollern-Hechingen, the latter Sigmaringen and Vohringen with the title Holienzollern- Sigmaringen. Count John George of Hohenzollern- Hechingen, son of Eitel Frederick III., was raised to princely rank by the emperor Ferdinand II. in 1623, and John of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen received the same honour in 1638. In 1695 the two Swabian branches entered conjointly into an agreement with the Brandenburg line that, in case of the extinction of the male line of either of the Swabian branches, the states should be inherited by the other branch, and that if both branches became extinct the states should be inherited by the Brandenburg line. In consequence of the political troubles of 1848, Prince Frederick William of Hohenzcllern-Hechingen, and Charles Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen resigned iheir princi palities, which consequently fell to the crown of Prussia, by whom they were taken possession of, March 12, 1850. By royal decree of 20th May of the same year the title of highness was conferred on the two princes, with the prero gatives of younger sons of the royal hou.se. The proposal to raise Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to the throne of Spain in 1870 was the immediate occasion of the war between France and Germany. In 1852 the lands of Hohenzollern were formed into an administrative division of Prussia. It is composed of a long narrow strip of land bounded on the N.E. and W. by Wiirteinberg and on the W. and S. by Baden, with an area of 440 square miles, and a population in 1875 of 66,614.

See Stillfried, Ilohenzollernschc Forsc.hungcn, Berlin, 1847; Stillfried and Marcker, Mowtmcnta Zollerana, 1852-66; Riedel, Die Ahnherren dcs prcitssischen Kdnigshauscs, 1854; Kiedel, Ge- schichte des preussiscJwn Koiugi-hauscs bis 1440, 1861 ; Nachrichten itber die Stammburg Hohenzollern, 1863; Carlyle s Frederick the Great.

HOLBACH, Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron d′ (1723–1789), philosophe of the Parisian school of the 18th century, was born at Heidelsheim in the palatinate in 1723. Of his family little is known ; according to J. J. Rousseau, his father was a rich parvenu, who brought his son at an early age to Paris, where the latter spent most of his life. Much of Holbach s fame is due to his intimate connexion with the brilliant coterie of bold thinkers and polished wits whose creed, the new philosophy, is concentrated in the famous Encyclopedic. Possessed of easy means and being of hospitable disposition, he kept open house for such men as Helvetius, D Alembert, Diderot, Condillac, Turgot, Buffon, Grimm, Hume, Garrick, Wilkes, Sterne, and for a time Rousseau, who, while enjoying the intellectual pleasure of their host s conversation, were not insensible to the material charms of his excellent cuisine and costly wines.