604 I B A I B E Bibliography. Of the five extant books of lamblichus referred to above, (1) that On the Pythagorean Life (irepl TOV UvQayopiKov ftiov) was first edited, in Greek and Latin, by Arcerius Theodoretus, 1598; again by Kuster, 1707; and by Kiessling, Leipsic, 1815-16; while a new edition is promised by E. Rhode, who discusses the sources, &c., of the work in the Ehcin. Museum, vol. xxvi., 1871, pp. 554 sq.; cf. vol. xxxiv. , 1879, pp. 260 sq. (2) The Exhortation to Philosophy (yoi irporpeTrriKol eis (pioffo$>iav} was edited first along with the former in 1598, and again by Kiessling, Leipsie, 1813. (3) The treatise On the General Science of Mathematics (TT. rrjs Koivrjs fjiadr]/j.aTiKris) was edited by Villoison, Anccd. Graven, ii. 188-225, Venice, 1781 ; and a useful account of the same is given by J. G. Friis in his Introductio in Librum lamllichi Tertium, 1790. (4) The book On the Arithmetic of Nicomachus (IT. TTJS Nixo- /j.dxov apiffytTjTtKTJs ela-ayuyrjs), along with fragments on fate (IT. (i/j.apfjiei>ris) and prayer (TT. evxys), was edited in Greek and Latin by S. Tennulius, 1608 ; and (5) the Theological Principles of Arith metic (dtooyoi/fj.fva TTJS apifyiTjTi/c?}?) the seventh book of the series by Ast, Leipsic, 1817. Two lost books, treating of the physical and ethical signification of numbers, stood fifth and sixth, while books on music, geometry, and astronomy followed. The so-called Liber de Mystcriis was rendered into Latin by Marsilius Ficinus, Venice, 1497, fol., several times reprinted, and again by N. Scutellins, Rome, 1556, 4to. The original Greek was edited, with Latin translation and notes, first by T. Gale, Oxford, 1678, fol., and more recently by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1857, 8vo. There is a monograph on lamblichus by Hebenstreit (De lam- blichi, philosophi Si/ri, doctrina Christiance religioni, quam imitari studet, noxia, Leipsic, 1764), and one on the De Myst. by Harless (Das Buck v. d. dgyp. Myst., Munich, 1858). The discussion by Meiners on the genuineness of the De Myst. has been already referred to, and seems to be conclusive against attributing it to lamblichus. Thomas Taylor, the English Platonist, translated the Life of Pytha goras and the Egyptian Mysteries (London, 1818 ; Chiswick, 1821). The best accounts of lamblichus are those of Zeller, Phil. d. Gricchcn, iii. 2, pp. 613 sq., 2d ed., and Vacherot, Hist, de I Ecole d" Alcxaiidrie, ii. 57 sq. (W. K. SO.) IBADAX, a large and flourishing town of West Africa, in the Yoruba country, about 80 miles inland from Lagos, and about 50 miles to the north-east of Abeokuta. It occupies the slope of one of the hills of the Kong range, and stretches down into the valley through which the river Ona flows. The site is well drained by natural streams, but their waters are often polluted by the dead bodies flung out to the vultures. The mud walls by which the town is en closed have a circuit of 18 miles, and it is encompassed by a circle of cultivated land about 5 or 6 miles in breadth. The houses are all low thatched structures, enclosing a square court, and the only break in the mud wall is the door ; but the monotony of the streets is relieved by orishas or idol-houses, and open spaces shaded with trees. Most of the population are engaged in agriculture ; but for a West-African town there is a great variety of handicrafts. The town is subject nominally to the king of Oya ; but in reality it is not only an independent state but has a number of vassal towns. The government is in the hands of two chiefs, a civil and a military, the bale and the lalogun; these together form the highest court of appeal. There is also an iyaloda or mother of the town, to whom are submitted all the disputes of the women. Any one causing a fire in the town, whether intentionally or by accident, is deprived of his possessions and put in prison. Ibadan has long had a feud with Abeokuta ; and the two towns often engage in war with each other. In 18G2 the people of Ibadan destroyed Ijaya, a neighbouring town of 60,000 inhabitants. Mr Hinderer, a missionary of the Church Society, established a station at Kudati on the outskirts of the town in 1853, and laboured there for seventeen years. The native church is still in a flourishing state. The population of Ibadan is not less than 100,000. The great bulk of the population consists of slaves. There are twenty-four mosques and several Mahometan schools in the town. See Seventeen Years in the Yoruba Country: Memorials of Anna Hinderer, London, 1877, where a view of the town is given. IBARRA, a city of Ecuador in South America, the capital of the province of Imbabura, is situated on a plain about 2000 feet lower than Quito, from which it is 30 miles distant. Before the earthquake of 18G8 it was a place of considerable prosperity, with regular streets and well-built houses, and about 13,000 of a population, but in that terrible disaster it is estimated that no fewer than 10,000 of its inhabitants perished. Cotton and woollen stuffs, laces, hats, brandy, cordials, sugar, and salt wero among its industrial products. Ibarra was founded in 1597 by Alvaro de Ibarra, the president of Quito. About a league distant was Carranqui, the birthplace of Atahu- allpa, the last of the Incas. IBERIANS (Iberi, *I/3??pes). To the question, Who are the Iberians ? it is impossible to give a satisfactory answer in the form of a concise definition. While our knowledge of their actual history is comparatively slight, the position which they have acquired in modern ethnographical theory is at once a prominent and a perplexing one. It is almost impossible to hazard any statement in regard to them which will not find an impugning voice from one quarter or other. Historical, numismatical, linguistic, and anthropological evidences have been brought to bear on the problem of their affinity, and the result is on the whole not so much light as darkness visible. The name Iberians seems to have been applied by the earlier Greek navigators to the peoples who inhabited the eastern coast of Spain ; and there is considerable probability in the suggestion that it originally meant the ripuarians of the Iberus or Ebro. 1 On the other hand, the term Iberia is said to have embraced in older Greek usage the country as far east as the Rhone (see Herodorus of Heraclea, Fragmenta Ilistoriarum Grcecarum, torn. ii. p. 34), and by the time of Strabo it was the common Greek name for the Spanish peninsula, Iberians meaning sometimes theinhabi- tants of the peninsula in general, and sometimes, it would appear, the peoples of a definite race or yeVos. Of the tribal distribution of this race, of its linguistic social and political characteristics, and of the history of its relation to the other peoples of Spain, we have only the most general, fragmentary, and in part self-contradictory accounts. On the whole our historical evidence authorizes the assertion that in Spain, when it first became known to the Romans and Greeks, there existed a large number of separate and variously civilized tribes connected with each other by at least apparent identity of race, and by similarity (but not identity) of language, their general characteristics sufficiently differencing them from Phoenicians, Romans, and Celts. The statement that the mingling of these Iberians with the immigrant Celts gave rise to the Celtiberians (Keltiberians) is in itself sufficiently probable, and has been impugned by nothing more precise than the general untrustworthiness of the author by whom it is made (Diodorus Sictilus). Varro and Dionysius Afer went so far as to identify the Iberians of Spain with the Iberians of the Caucasus, the ono regarding the eastern and the other the western settlements as of earlier date. The only material relics which have come down to us with the imprint of the ancient Iberian or Celtiberian civilization are a variety of coins and a few inscriptions of dubious interpretation. So difficult has the reading of the legends of the coins been found that the Spanish numismatists have regularly catalogued them as the dcsconocidas or unknown ; and the explanation of them has been sought now in Visigothic runes (Olaus Wormius and Olaus Rudbeck), now in Hebrew (L. J. Velasquez), now in Latin, and now in Celtic. By the general consensus of more modern investigators, however, their Iberian character is recognized, though the methods and results of 1 A very different etymology is offered by Basque-Iberian theorists ; M. Boudard, for example, derives the name from ibay-erri, the country
of the river.
