Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/141

KOMAN.] INSCRIPTIONS the capital were speedily imitated. Perhaps the oldest example of a tituhis honor ari us in the form of an dogium (but in the dative), with the full cursus honorum of the person honoured, is a bilinguis from Athens, of the Augustan age (G. I. L., iii. 551 ; Henz. 6456; "Wil. 1122); the honours are here enumerated in chronological order, beginning with the lowest ; in other instances the highest is placed first, and the others follow in order. 1 In the older examples the formula "honoris causa," or virtiitis ergo (Hermes, vol. vi., 1871, p. 6), is added at the end, as in an inscription of Mytilcne belonging to the consul of the year 723 A.U.C., i.e., 31 B.C. (C. I. L., iii. 455; Orel. 4111; Wil. 1104&) ; the same, abbreviated (h.c.), occurs on an inscription of about the same" age from Cirta in Africa (C. I. L., viii. 7099 ; Wil. 2384). Shortly afterwards the honour of a statue became as common in the Roman municipia as it was in Athens and other Greek cities in the later period. Each province furnishes numerous examples, partly with peculiar formulae, on which the indexes of Wilmanns (p. 673, 696 sq.) may be consulted. Special mention may be made of the numerous honorary inscriptions belonging to aurigre, histrioncs, and gladiatores ; for those found in Rome see C. I. L., i. 10044-10210. He who erects a temple or a public building, or constructs a road, a bridge, an aqueduct, or the like, by inscribing his name on the work, honours himself, and, as permission to do so has to be given by the public authorities, is also honoured by the community. Therefore the tituli opcrum publictmim, though in form only short official statements (at least in the older period) of the origin of the work, without any further indications as to its character and purpose, partake of the style of the older honorary inscriptions. Of the ancient and almost universally employed method of erecting public buildings by means of the locatio censoria one monument has preserved some traces (Ephem. epigr., ii. 199). The oldest instance of this class is that commemorating the restoration of the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter, begun, after its destruction by fire in the year 671 (83 B.C.), by Sulla and continued five years later by the well- known orator and poet Q. Lutatius Catulus, but completed only about twenty years afterwards. Here, after the name of Catulus in the nominative and the indication of the single parts of the build ing (as, for example, substructionem et tabularium) follows the solemn formula dc s(enati) s(ententia) faciundum cocravit eidemque proba-dt (C. I. L., i. 592 = vi. 1314; Orel. 31, 3267; Wil. 700). With the same formula the praetor M. Calpurnius Piso Frugi (of about the same period) dedicated an unknown building (C. I. L., i. 594 = vi 1275), restored afterwards by Trajan. On a work executed by the collegium tribunorum pleltis (C. I. L., i. 593 = vi. 1299 ; Wil. 787), perhaps the public streets within the town, the sum employed for it is also inscribed. Precisely similar is the oldest inscription of one of the bridges of Home, the ponte dci quattro capi, still preserved, though partly restored, on its original site, which com memorates its builder, the tribune of the year 692 (62 B.C.), L. Fabricius (C. I. L., i. 600 = vi. 1305 ; Orel. 50; Wil. 788); it was restored by the consuls of the year 733 (21 B.c.). 2 On privately erected buildings the founder after his name puts a simple fecit (as also on sepulchral inscriptions) ; so, possibly, did Pompey, when he dedicated his theatre as a temple of Venus Victrix and, on Cicero s clever advice, as Varro and Tiro had it from Cicero himself, in scribed on it COS-TEKT (not tertium or tcrtio) (see Gellius, Noct. Ait., x. 1). So Agrippa, when he dedicated his Pantheon in the year 727 (27 B.C.), inscribed on it only the words M. Agrippa L. f. cos. tertium fecit (C. I. L., vi. 896; Orel. 34; Wil. 731), as all who visit the Eternal City know. Of municipal examples it will be sufficient to name those of the majestic temple of Cora (C. I. L., i. 1149-1150 ; Wil. 722, 723), of Ferentinum, with the measurements of the foundation (C. L L., i. 1161-1163 ; Wil. 708), of the walls and towers at JEclanum (G. I. L., i. 1230; Orel. 566 ; Henz. 6583; Wil. 699), of the theatre, amphitheatre, baths, and other structures at Pompeii (G. /. L., i. 1246, 1247, 1251, 1252 ; Orel. 2416, 3294 ; Henz. 6153 ; Wil. 730, 1899-1901). At Alatrium a munificent citizen gives an enumeration of a number of works executed by him in the period of the Gracchi, in his native town ("hsec quse infcra scripta sunt dc scnatu sententia fadcnda coiravit," C. I. L., i. 1166 ; Orel. 3892 ; Wil. 706) ; and, more than a century later, the same is done at Cartima, a small Spanish town near Malaga, by a rich woman (G. I. L., ii. 1956 ; Wil. 746). Military works, executed by soldiers, especially frequent in the Danubian provinces, Africa, Germany, and Britain, give, in this way, manifold and circum stantial information as to the military administration of the Romans. On a column found near the bridge over the Minho at 1 This observation, applied to a large number of monuments, gave rise to many of tlie .splendid cpigraphical labours of ISorghcsi (see e.g., liis dissertation upon the inscription of the consul L. Burbuleius, CEuvres, iv. p. 103 sq.). 2 The character of an efotjitim is assumed in a special way by the inscriptions on triumphal arches, such as that of Augustus on the arch of Susa in Piedmont, dating from the year 745 (9 B.C.) (C. 1. L., . 7231 ; Orel. 620), and the similar one on the tropxa Auyustl( a Turbia) (C. I. L., v. 7817) of the year 747 (7 H.c,), which Tliny also (Hist. Nat., in. 13G) records, and those of the other emperors at Rome, of which only that of Claudius, the conqueror of Britain (C.I.L., vi. J20, 1)21; Orel. 715; Wil. 890), with the statues of himself and his family, need be mentioned. Aqiue Flavuc, the modern Chaves in northern Portugal, ten com munities inscribed their names, probably as contributors to the work, with those of the emperors (Vespasian and his sons), the imperial legate of the province, the legate of the legion stationed in Spain, the imperial procurator, and the name of the legion itself (G. I. L., ii. 2477 ; Wil. 803) ; and similarly, with the name of Trajan, on the famous bridge over the Tagus at Alcantara, in Spanish Estremadura, the names of the municipia provincial Lusi- taniae stipe conlata quw opuspontis perfcccrunt are inscribed (G. I. L. , ii. 759-762; Orel. 161,162; Wil. 804). As in some of the already-mentioned inscriptions of public works the measurements of the work to which they refer (especially, as may be supposed, in the case of works of great extent, such as walls of towns or lines of fortification, like the walls of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius in Britain) are indicated, so it early became a custom in the Roman republic to note on milestones the name of the founder of the road and, especially at the extremities of it and near large towns, the distances. So in the val di Diana in Lucania P. Popilius Lamas, the consul of the year 622 (132 B.C.), at the end of a road built by him, set up the miliarium Popilianum (G. L L., i. 551.; Orel. 3308 ; Wil. 797), which is a general dogium to himself, in which he speaks in the first person (viam feed ab Mcgio ad Capuam, &c. ). One of the single iniliaria set up by him is also preserved (C. I. L., i. 550; Heuz. 7l74fZ; Wil. 808), which contains only his name and the number of miles. In the same brief style are conceived the other not very frequent republican miliaria found in Italy (C. I. L., i. 535-537; Henz. 5348; Wil. 567 ; C. I. L., i. 540 ; Henz. 5350, 6226 ; Wil. 807 ; C. L L.,. 558, 559 ; Henz. 5353; Wil. 808 ; C. L L.,i. 561 ; Henz. 5180; AVil. 811 ; C. I. L., i. 633 ; Wil. 812) down to the time of Augustus (Mommsen, /. A 7 ., 6244 ; AVil. 813), and also the even more rare specimens from the provinces (from Asia 0. I. L., i. 557 = iii. 479, Wil. 826, C. I. L., i. 622 = iii. 462, AVil. 827 ; from Spain a /. L., i. 1484-1486 = ii. 4920- 4925, 4956, AVil. 828, 829). Augustus inscribed on each milestone on his road across Spain " a Bszte ct Jano Augusta ad Occanum" (e.g., C. I. L., ii. 4701 ; AVil. 832), Claudius on those of a road in Upper Italy founded by his father Drusus " viam Claudiam Augustam quam Drusus pater Alpibus bello patefactis dercxscrat munit ab Attino (or a -fluminc Pado) ad /lumen Danuvium" (G. I. L., v. 8002, 8003 ; Orel. 648, 708; Henz. 5400; Wil. 818). The later milestones vary greatly in form, but all contain most precious and not yet nearly exhausted materials for ancient geo graphy and topography ; in the volumes of the Corpus they are taken together under the special head vies publicx (and here and there privates) at the end of each chapter. A similar character, resulting from the combination of a mere authentic record with the peculiar form of the honorary inscrip tion, belongs to the kindred classes of inscriptions of the aqueducts and of the different boundary -stones. The aqueducts of Rome are known to have their origin in remote antiquity ; but no inscriptions belonging to them, so far as has been as yet discovered, go farther back than to the age of Augustus. 3 The large dedicatory inscrip tions of the celebrated aqueducts of Rome (as the A qure Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, C. I. L., vi. 1244-1246, Orel. 51-53, A 7 il. 765; the Virgo, C. L L., vi. 1252, Orel. 703, AVil. 763 ; the Claudia, etc., G.I.L., vi. 1256-1258, Orel. 54-56, AVil. 764) have quite the character of honorary inscriptions, while the various cippi tcr- minalcs, which mark the ground belonging to the aqueduct, show the greatest analogy to the milestones (e.g. , C. I. L., vi. 1243a-</ ; Henz. 6635, 6636; AVil. 775-779). The other Italian and pro vincial varieties cannot be specified here. Of boundary-stones, or cippi terminalcs, some very ancient specimens have been preserved. To the age preceding the Second Punic AVar belong two, found at Venusia and erected lay municipal magistrates (C.I.L., L 185, 186; Orel. 3527, 3528 ; AVil. 863) ; they give a short relation of a decree, by which certain localities were declared to be sacred or public (" aut sacrom aut poublicom locom esc"). Then follow the cippi Gracchani, by which Gaius Gracchus and his two colleagues, as trcs mri ayris iudicandis adsiynandis, measured the aycr Campanus, for its division among the plebs. They contain the names of the trcs viri in the nominative, and in addition, on the top, the lines and angles of the cardo and dccumanus, according to the rules of the agrimensorcs, or the boundary lines between the agcr pullicus a.nd.privatits(C.I.L., i. 552-556; Henz. 6464; Wil. 859-861). From the age of Sulla we still have various boundary-stones giving the line of demarcation between different communities (between Fauum and Pisaurum G. I. L., i. 583, Orel. 570, Wil. 861; between Ateste, Vicetia, and Patavium G. I. L., i. 547-549, Orel. 3110, Henz. 5114, 5115, AVil. 865, 866). To the town of Rome belong the termini ripx Tibcris (G. J. L., i. 608-614 = vi. 1234r-7), beginning in the Augustan age, and the termini of tho pomixrium of Claudius and Vespasian as censors, and of the col legium aufjurum under Hadrian (G. I. L., vi. 1231-1233; Orel. 710, 811 ; AVil. 843. 844), while others, of the consuls of the year 4 A. i). (G. L L., vi. 1263; Orel. 3260 ; Wil. 856), of Augustus 3 See the recent important work of R. Landani, Commentari di Frontino intorno le acque e gli acqutdotti, &c.. Home, 1S80. TTT /vll L. T 7