242 exhibitions and prizes to students, and partly in the payment of results fees. The total number of pupils examined in 1880 was 5561 4114 boys and 1447 girls, the number who passed being 2899 boys and 1111 girls. Exhibitions of the value of 20 a year for three years were awarded to 96 boys and 40 girls in the junior grade fin the middle grade 32 boys and 13 girls received exhibitions of 30 annually for two years ; and in the senior grade 16 boys and 4 girls received exhibitions of 50 for one year. In addition to this 558 boys and 726 girls received prizes in books. In 1811 a society was formed in Ireland for the education of the poor, which from 1819 received the assistance of a grant of public money. This, however, was withdrawn in 1830 on account of the Roman Catholics refusing from religious objections to allow their pupils to enter the schools of the society. In 1833 the money formerly given to the society was vested in commissioners of public education, who in 1845 were incorporated under the name of the " Commissioners of National Education of Ireland." Table LXII. will show the progress of national education in Ireland from 1833 to 1880 ; and Table LXIII. gives particulars as to school attendance for 1880. Table LX1V. shows the Protestant and Roman Catholic attend ance at the 4175 mixed schools from which returns were received. The unmixed schools numbered 3331, of which those taught by Roman Catholic teachers numbered 2779, the number of pupils being 441,612, while those taught by Protestant teachers numbered 552, the total number of pupils being 63,983, of whom 26,283 belonged to the Church of Ireland, 34,348 to the Presbyterian Church, and 3352 to other denominations. Table LXV. shows the attendance at the various classes in the national schools in 1880. The number of district and minor model schools in 1880 exclusive of those of the metropolitan district was 26, the number of pupils on the roll 16,997, and the average attendance 8971. Table LXVI. shows the relative proportion of attendance at the various classes. The workhouse schools under the superintendence of the National Board in 1880 numbered 158, the pupils on the roll being 16,945, and the average attendance 8880. There were 52 industrial schools in 1879, the number of inmates being 4979, and the expenditure TABLE LXII. National Schools in Ireland, 1833-80. Parlia Parlia Schools. Pupils. mentary Schools. Pupils. mentary Grant, Grant.
1833
789
107,042
25,000
1870
6,806
950,999
394,209
1840
1,978
232,560
50,000
1878
7,433
1,036,742
659,837
1850
4,5-17
511,239
140,000
1S79
7,522
1,031,995
081,829
1860
5,632
804,000
270,722
1880
7,590
1,083,020
722,366
[EDUCATION.
117,888. The nuirfber of school farms connected with the national
schools in 1880 was 94, and of school gardens 19, in addition to
which there are a large number of agricultural schools under local
management, and a large number of pupils were also taught agricul
ture in the national schools, the total number of pupils who presented
themselves for examination in agriculture in 1880 being 33,618, of
whom 15,652 passed. The number of pupils who presented them
selves at the results examination in the national schools in 1880 was
461,574, of whom 340,871, or 73 8 per cent., passed. Table LXVII.
shows the various classes of teachers underthe National Board in 1880.
In addition there were 85 junior assistants, 227 work mistresses
and industrial teachers, 90 temporary assistants, and 8 temporary
work mistresses. The payment to the teaching staff for the year
ending 31st March 1881 was 737,631, 4s. 3d. The amount of
money raised by school fees was 91,300, 5s. 8d. , by subscription
40,516, 6s. 10d., by local rates 8,324, 6s. 7d. The whole amount
received from the Board was 597,490, 5s. 2d. The amount of sub
scriptions other than local for the four years ending 1880 was
151,698, 16s. 6d., which was devoted to building purposes. The
total amount of the parliamentary grant for the promotion of edu
cation, science, and art in Ireland for the year ending 31st March
1880 was 795,351.
For particulars regarding the endowments, funds, and actual
condition of the endowed schools of Ireland, including the royal
free schools, diocesan free schools, grammar schools, Erasmus Smith
schools, and schools connected with the Church of Ireland, the
Roman Catholic Church, and the various other denominations,
the reader is referred to the Ecjwrt of the Endowed Schools (Ireland)
Commission, vols. i. and ii., 1881.
Antiquities. The principal objects in Ireland of antiquarian and
architectural interest are noticed under the various counties.
BlBUOGKAPIIT.
Geology. The Government geological survey of Ireland, begun in 1832, was
completed in 1881 , and maps of separate poi tions have been published,accompanied
with explanatory memoirs. Among the geological maps of the whole country
ma} be mentioned that by E. Hull, London, 1878. The chief works on the geology
of the country as a whole are Sir Richard Griffith s Physical Geology of Ireland,
2d edition, 1838; Hull s Physical Geology and Geography of Ireland, London, 1878;
and Kinahan s Manual of Vie Geology of Ireland, London, 1878. An interesting
notice of the principal features of Irish geology will be found inAus Irland, by Dr
Arnold von La<aulx, Bonn, 1877. A list of the more important papers on the
special points of Irish geology is given in the work of Hull.
Agriculture. For information regarding the character of the land systems of
Ireland the reader may consult Godkin s Land War in Ireland, 1870; Sigerson s
History of Land Tenure in Ireland, 1871 ; O Curry s Ancient Manners and
Customs of Ireland, 3 vols., 1873; the paper on " The Tenure of Land in Ire
land," by Judge Longfield, in Systems of Land Tenure, published by the Cobden
Club, 1876, and with additions in a new edition, 1881; Fisher s History of Land
Holding in Ireland, 1877 ; O Brien s History of the Irish Land Question, 1880 ;
Richey s Irish Land Laics, 1880. The political-economy relations of the sub
ject have been treated, among other writers, by John Stuart Mill, T. E. Cliffe
Leslie, and Professor Cairnes. For general information a first place must be
TABLE LXIII. Attendance in National Schools, 1880.
Total Schools.
Schools
sending in
Returns.
Pupils on Roll who made at least
one attendance.
Religious Denominations.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Roman
Catholics.
Episcopalian
Church.
Presby
terians.
Otherf.
Ulster
2,867
1,913
1,595
1,215
7,590
2,846
1,835
1,576
1,202 .
7,509
200,293
140,492
107,123
98,393
546,301
183,528
147,941
112,189
93,061
536,719
383,821
288,433
219,312
191,454
1,083,020
185,462
279,774
204,786
185,035
855,057
76,684
7,481
12,576
5,477
102,218
113,028
595
1,397
609
115,629
8,647
583
553
333
10,116
Munster
Leinster
Connau^ht
Ireland
Per cent.. .
50-4
49-6
79
9-4
107
0-9
TABLE LXIV. Attendance in Mixed Schools, 1880.
Teachers.
Schools.
Roman
Catholic
Pupils.
Protestant
Pupils.
Per cent.
Roman
Catholics.
Protest-
ants.
Roman Catholic
Protestant
2,804
1,273
93
377.677
25,183
10,580
24.011
127,868
11,923
94-0
16-4
47-0
c-o
83-6
53-0
Roman Catholic)
and Protestant...)
Total
4,175
413,440
163,802
71-6
28-4
TABLE LXV. Percentages in National Schools, 1880.
In
fants.
Class I.
Class II.
Class
III.
Class
IV.
Cla^s
VI .
Class
VI".
Class
VI.
Ireland. .
26-5
21-8
^
151 12-9
498
10-0
V
6-5
3-4
3-8
26-5
23-7
TABLE LXVI. Percentages in Model Schools, 1880.
Infants.
Class
I.
Class
II.
Class
III.
Class
IV.
Class
VI .
Class
VI".
Class
VI.
12-9
10-0
^
11-7
1 v "
3-3-7
14-0
14-9
13-3
9-1
14-1
^
12-9
51-4
TABLE LXVII. Teachers in Sen-ice of the National Board, 1880.
Principals.
Assistants.
Class
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
1. 1st Division
1. 2d
129
399
102
302
13
23
23
C4
1,055
2. 1st
2. 2d .,
1,416
348
857
266
75
47
318
1*7
3,514
3. 1st
3. 2d
1,710
533
991
376
406
197
1,390
502
6,105
4,535
2,894
761
2,484
10,674
7,429
3,245
