Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/377

I R O I R R 361 to show that even in his lifetime the veiled prisoner had become an object of curious mystery. Other instances occur, however, of captivity under like conditions; and nothing in the treatment of the Mask proves that he was a personage of rank and importance. It has been indisput ably shown that it was no uncommon practice, especially in the reign of Louis XIV., to isolate human beings and keep them immured, their very features being carefully hidden, and that the victims were persons of all conditions. Though one or two efforts had been previously made to find out the name of the unknown prisoner, Voltaire was the first writer of note to give form and life to the vague tradi tions that had been current about the Mask ; and we may probably ascribe to his suggestive account the increased im portance which since his time the subject has been supposed to possess. In his Age of Louis XIV. the historian hinted that the Mask was a person of high rank ; and he graphic ally described how this mysterious being endeavoured to commune with the outer world by throwing out, on the shore of Sainte Marguerite, from the grated window of his gloomy dungeon, a piece of fine linen, and a silver plate, on which he had traced some strange characters to reveal a horrible tale of misfortune. This work was published in 1751, nearly fifty years after the death of the Mask ; and from this time the problem who he was has been investi gated with no little diligence. The editor of the Philosophic Dictionary suggested that he was an illegitimate son of Anne of Austria, born in 1626 ; and in 1790 he was identi fied, in the Memoirs of Cardinal Richelieu with a supposed twin brother of Louis XIV., put out of the way by the great Cardinal to avoid the ills of a disputed succession. As early as 1745 the Mask was said, by an anonymous writer, to have been the count of Vermandois, one of the bastards of Louis XIV. ; in 1759 M. Lagrange-Chaucel endeavoured to prove that he was the duke of Beaufort, a hero of the Fronde ; a few years afterwards M. St Foix con jectured that he was the duke of Monmouth, the English pretender of 1685 ; and others have laboured to show that he was either a son of the Protector Cromwell, or Fouquet, the minister of Louis XIV., or Avedick, the Armenian patriarch, whose treacherous imprisonment by the am bassador of France was one of the worst acts of that un scrupulous king. The claim, finally, of Ercolo Mattioli, a diplomatic agent of the duke of Mantua, was put forward in 1770, and since that time has found zealous advocates in MM. Roux-Fazillac, Delort, Topin, and in the late Lord Dover ; indeed, until lately it was generally thought that Mattioli was the mysterious captive. The claims, however, of none of these can stand the test of the searching inquiry which recent discoveries have made possible. Voltaire does not inform us who the Mask was ; his hint that he was an exalted personage is at variance with a remark of his on the same subject in a later work ; and as for the tale of the attempts made by the Mask to divulge his name and fate, these have been traced to a Huguenot pastor, imprisoned in the islands of Sainte Marguerite. There is no evidence that the illegitimate child of Anne of Austria, or the twin brother of Louis XIV. ever existed. Fouquet died in 1680, the count of Vermandois in 1683, and the duke of Beaufort in 1689 ; Monmouth fell under the axe of the headsman ; Avedick was not imprisoned until 1706. The case made on behalf of Mattioli also breaks down when carefully sifted. Mattioli was certainly imprisoned at Pignerol, and that for a considerable time ; he was also long under the care of Saint Mars; and he was detained at the Sainte Marguerites, in the custody of the same jailer. But on the other hand the Mask is never named in the numerous documents that refer to him ; he was certainly imprisoned at Exiles ; and he was brought from the Sainte Mar guerites, and died in the Bastille ; whereas Mattioli s name occurs not seldom in the correspondence of Saint Mars ; he cannot be traced to Exiles ; and it is almost certain that he died at the Sainte Marguerites in 1694. Is it impossible, then, to fix the identity of the unknown Mask ? The latest writer upon the subject is M. Jung, a French staff officer, and his diligent investigations have brought us perhaps very near the solution of the problem. He appears to have fully proved that the prisoner of 1698 beyond question the mysterious Mask had for many years been guarded by St Mars ; that he had long been known as "your ancient prisoner," " your prisoner of twenty years standing"; and that at the Sainte Marguerites he was jealously watched with precautions nearly of the same kind as those after wards taken at the Bastille. He has shown, moreover, that this very prisoner was, in 1687, removed to the Sainte Marguerites from Exiles, always under the eye of the same jailer, and that, too, with the care and secrecy observed in the jouiney to the Bastille ; and, finally, he has traced the captive to Pignerol, still in the hands of the relentless St Mars, where, in 1681, we find him designated as one of the "two prisoners of the Lower Tower," apparently for some years in confinement. This prisoner, too, is never once named, which, as we have seen, was the case with the Mask. On the whole it would seem that M. Jung has estab lished the identity of the object of our search with this unknown person. He goes, however, a great deal further, and endeavours to find out the name and the history of the prisoner of the Lower Tower of Pignerol. His theory is that he was a criminal who pro bably played a prominent part in one of the numerous poisoning plots which disgraced the reign of Louis XIV.; and he identifies him with a Lorraine gentleman who seems to have belonged to a murderous band of conspirators against the life of the king, and who, being then arrested at Peronne, was lodged in the Bastille in 1673, and thence taken, he makes out, to Pignerol. His narrative abounds in interest, but he has adduced no valid proof to connect the supposed prisoner captured at Peronne with the prisoner of 1673 ; and he has not given us anything like evidence to associate this last-named person with either of the prisoners of the Lower Tower at Pignerol, or even to show that he reached that fortress. Besides, he has not ascertained the identity of these two prisoners. The mystery of the identity of the Mask thus remains unsolved ; but the field of inquiry has been greatly narrowed, and further investigation will not improbably discover this strange historical secret. (W. 0. M.) IRONTON, the chief city of Lawrence county, Ohio, is situated on the river Ohio, 142 miles south-east of Cincinnati. Occupying a central position in a productive mineral district, its chief industry, as its name suggests, is connected with iron. There are iron-furnaces, rolling and planing mills, and machine shops in the town ; and stoves, boilers, nails, and other iron goods are manufactured to a considerable and yearly increasing value. Ironton was founded in June 1849 by the Ohio Iron and Coal Company, and received its city charter sixteen years later. The population in 1880 was 9000. IRON- WOOD is the name applied to several kinds of timber, the produce of trees from different parts of the tropics, and belonging to very different natural families. Usually the wood is extremely hard, dense, and dark- coloured, and sinks in water. The true iron-wood of the East Indies and Malay archipelago, of which anchors are often made, seems to be the Metrosideros vera of Rumphius, a tree belonging to the Myrtaceee, and formerly extensively used in China, Japan, and the Moluccas. Several species of Sideroxylon (Sapotacese) also yield iron- wood, Sideroxi/lon cinerewn or Bojerianum, D. C., being the bois de fer blanc of Africa and Mauritius. West Indian iron-wood is the produce of Colubrina rcdinata and C. fcrruyina, Ad. Br. (Rliamnaccai), and of ^giphilci mar- tinicensis, Linn. (Verbcnctccfe}. Ixora (Sidcrodcndron) triflorum, Vahl. (Rubiaccas), is the bois de fcr of Martinique, and Zanthoyy- lum Pterota, H. B. K. (Rutaccse), is the iron- wood of Jamaica, while Jiobinia Ponacoco, Aubl. (Lcgumi iiosiv), is described as the iron-wood of Guiana. The iron-wood of Ceylon is the produce of Mesuafcrrca, Linn. (Guttifcrse). The endemic loin defer of Mauri tius, once frequent in the primeval woods, but now becoming very scarce, is the Stadtmannia Sideroxylon, D. C. (Sapindacc&)< while the Cossignya pinna ta, Lam., is known as the bois de fcr de Judas. Coccoloba grandifolia and C. jmbcsccns (Polygonaccai) yield a kind of West Indian iron-wood. Hhtbn buxifolin, Pers. (Ebenaccie^, yields a variety of iron-wood which is used at Tavoy in Burmah to make anchors for large boats. Tasmaniau iron-wood is the produce of Nutdfen ligitstrina (Oleaccas), and is chiefly used for making ships blocks. The iron-wood or lever-wood of North America is the timber of the American hop hornbeam, Oslrya rirginica (Cupu- lifcraz). In Brazil Apuleia ferrca, Mart., and Ctesalphna ferrea, Mart., yield a kind of iron-wood, called, however, the Paoferro or false iron-wood. IRRAWADDY. See IE AW ADI. XIII. 46