Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/540

518 I T U I T Z (55 B.C.). his language in describing it as the naval ren dezvous before his second invasion (54 B.C.) leaves little doubt that he had sailed from it before. To determine, therefore, the site of the Portus Itius, while it would de cide one of the most vexed questions of either ancient or modern geography, would go far to fix the spot where the great captain first set foot in England. It is impossible here to describe the controversy, or to detail the argu ments which at one time or another have been advanced in favour of every bay between Calais and Boulogne. Modern criticism selects four sites as probable Boulogne, Wissant, Ambleteuse, and the mouth of the Somme. The first two number most adherents; and in recent criticism Wissant, about 3 miles north-east of Cape Grisnez (Itium Promontorium), has united a majority of voices. The question turns upon the interpretation of certain passages in Cresar s De Bella Gallico (iv. 20 sq. , v. 1 sq. ), with direct and in direct mentions in other Latin and Greek writers. See also Camden s Britannia, 1659 ; Du Gauge, Dissertations sur la Vie de Saint Louis, diss. xxviii. , "Portus Itius," 1678 ; D Anville, " Dissertation sta le portus Itius," in Memoires dc I Academic dcs Inscriptions, xxiii., 1761; Airy, "On the Place of Julius Caesar s Departure from Gaul, &c.," in Arcli&ologia, 1862; papers by Airy and Guest in the Athenieuni, 1851, 1859, 1863 ; by George Long in the Reader of 1863 ; by H. L. Long in Gentleman s Magazine, 1846 ; and an elaborate article by H. J. Heller in the Zcitschrift fur Allgcmeinc Erdkunde, vol. xviii., Berlin, 1865 ; Thomas Lewin, The Invasion of Britain by Julius Ciesar, 1862; Cardwell, " Remarks on Julius Csesar s Invasion of Britain," in Archseologia Cantiana, vol. iii. ; Captain Becher, "Caesar s Invasions of Britain: Nautical Con clusions on the place of his departure from Gaul, &c.," in Nautical Magazine, 1862 ; papers by F. de Saulcy and General Creuly in the Revue Archeologiqut, 1860 and 1863 ; E. de Saulcy, " Les Expeditions de Cesar en Grande-Bretagne, " in Campagncs dc Cesar, yol. i., 1862 ; Abbe Haignere, Etude sur le portus Itius dc Jules Cesar, 1862 ; Von Cb ler, Cdsar^s gallischer Krieg in den Jahrcn 58 bis 53 v. Chr., 1858 ; Id., Cdsar s gallischer Krieg im Jahrc 51 v. Chr., 1860; H. L empereur, " L ancienne voie romaine d Epehy," in L Institut, 1864 ; and A. Wauter s brochure, Wissant I ancien Portus Iccius, Brussels, 1879. ITURBIDE, or YTTJRBIDE, AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824), emperor of Mexico from May 1822 to March 1823, was born September 27, 1783, at Valladolid, now Morelia, iu Mexico, where his father, an Old Spaniard from Pampeluna, had settled with his Creole wife. After enjoying a better education than was then usual in Mexico, Iturbide entered the military service, and in 1810 held the post of lieutenant in the provincial regiment of his native city. In that year the insurrection under Hidalgo broke out, and Iturbide, more from policy, it would seem, than from principle, served in the royal army. Possessed of splendid courage and brilliant military talents, which fitted him especially for guerilla warfare, the young creole did signal service, and rapidly rose in military rank. In December 1813 Colonel Iturbide, along with General Llano, dealt a crush ing blow to the revolt by defeating Morelos, the successor of Hidalgo, in the battle of Valladolid ; and the former followed it up by another decisive victory at Puruaran in January 1814. Next year Don Augustin was appointed to the command of the army of the north and to the governorship of the provinces of Valladolid and Guanajuato, but in 1816 grave charges of extortion and violence were brought against him, which led to his recall. Although the general was acquitted, or at least although the inquiry was dropped, he did not resume his commands, but retired into private life for four years, which, we are told, he spent in a rigid course of penance for his former excesses. In 1820 Apodaca, viceroy of Mexico, received instructions from the Spanish cortes to proclaim the constitution promulgated in Spain in 1812, but, although obliged at first to submit to an order by which his power was much curtailed, he secretly cherished the design of reviving the absolute power for Ferdinand VII. in Mexico. Under pretext of putting down the lingering remains of revolt, he levied troops, and, placing Iturbide at their head, instructed him to proclaim the absolute power of the king. Four years of reflexion, however, had modified the general s views, and now, led both by personal ambition and by patriotic regard for his country, Iturbide resolved to espouse the cause of national independence. His subsequent proceed ings how he issued the Plan of Iguala, on February 24, 1821, how by the refusal of the Spanish cortes to ratify the treaty of Cordova, which he had signed with O Donojn, he was transformed from a mere champion of monarchy into a candidate for the crown, and how, hailed by the soldiers as emperor Augustin I. on May 18, 1822, he was compelled within ten months by Lis arrogant neglect of constitutional restraints, to tender his abdication to a congress which he had forcibly dissolved will be found detailed under MEXICO. Although the congress refused to accept his abdication on the ground that to do so would be to recognize the validity of his election, it permitted the ex-emperor to retire to Leghorn in Italy, while in considera tion of his services in 1820 a yearly pension of 5000 was conferred upon him. But Iturbide resolved to make one more bid for power; and in 1824, passing from Leghorn to London, he published a Statement, and on May llth set sail for Mexico. The congress immediately issued an act of outlawry against him, forbidding him to set foot on Mexican soil on pain of death. Ignorant of this, the ex- emperor landed in disguise at Soto la Marina on July 14th. He was almost immediately recognized and arrested, and on July 19, 1824, was shot at Padilla, by order of the state of Tamaulipas, without being permitted an appeal to the general congress. Don Angustin de Iturbide is described by his contemporaries as being of handsome figure and ingratiating manner. His brilliant courage and wonderful success made him the idol of his soldiers, though towards his prisoners he displayed the most cold-blooded cruelty, boasting in one of his despatches of having honoured Good Friday by shooting three hundred excommunicated wretches. Though described as amiable in his private life, he seems in his public career to have been ambitious and unscrupulous, and by his haughty Spanish temper, impatient of all resistance or control, to have forfeited the opportunity of founding a secure imperial dynasty. His son Augustin was chosen by the ill-fated emperor Maximilian as his successor. See Statement of some of the principal f rents in the public life of Augustin de Iturbide, written by himself, English translation, 1824. ITZEHOE, one of the busiest commercial towns of northern Germany, is situated on the Stcir, a navigable tributary of the Elbe, in the circle of Steinburg of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, 32 miles north west of Hamburg and 15 miles north of Gliickstadt. As chief town of the circle, it is the seat of the usual local courts and of a head custom-house. The church of St Lawrence, dating from the 12th century, and the building in which the Holstein estates formerly met, are noteworthy. The town has a convent founded in 1256, a high school, a hospital, and other benevolent institutions. The sugar- refinery, which employs some 500 hands, is the largest in Germany. Iron-founding, shipbuilding, and wool-spinning are also carried on, and the manufactures include machinery, tobacco, fishing-nets, chicory, soap, cement, beer, and other articles. Fishing employs some of the inhabitants, and the markets for cattle and horses are important. A consider able trade is carried on in agricultural products and wood, chiefly with Hamburg and Altona. Including the garrison, the population in 1875 was 9776. Itzehoe is the oldest town in Holstein. Its nucleus was a castle built to restrain the Danes in 809 by Egbert, one of Charlemagne s counts. The community which sprang up around it was diversely called Esseveldoburg, Eselsfleth, and Ezeho. In 1201 the town was destroyed, but it was restored in 1224. To the new town the Lubeck