Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/557

J A C J A C 533 also tenants with us of our own dwellings, it is because convenient recesses are therein ordinarily wanting. Yet our chimneys frequently give them the accommodation they desire, much to the annoyance of the householder, who finds the funnel choked by the quantity of sticks brought together by the birds, since their industry in col lecting materials for their nests is as marvellous as it often is futile. 1 In some cases the stack of loose sticks piled up by Daws in a belfry or tower has been known to form a structure 10 or 12 feet in height, and hence this species may be accounted one of the greatest nest-builders in the world. The style of architecture practised by the Daw thus brings it more than the Rook into contact with man, and its familiarity is increased by the boldness of its dis position, which, though tempered by discreet cunning, is hardly surpassed among birds. Its small size, in com parison with most of its congeners, alone incapacitates it from inflicting the serious injuries of which some of them are often the authors, yet its pilferings are not to be denied, though on the whole its services to the agriculturist are great, for in the destruction of injurious insects it is hardly inferior to the Rook, and it has the useful habit of ridding sheep, on whose backs it may be frequently seen perched, of some of their parasites. The Daw displays the glossy black plumage so char acteristic of the true Crows, varied only by the hoary grey of the ear-coverts, and of the nape and sides of the neck, which is the mark of the adult ; but examples from the east of Europe and western Asia have these parts much lighter, passing into a silvery white, and hence have been deemed by some authorities to constitute a distinct species (C. collaris, Drumm.). Further to the eastward occurs the C. dauuricus of Pallas, which has not only the collar broader and of a pure white, but much of the lower parts of the body white also. Japan and northern China are inhabited also by a form resembling that of western Europe, but wanting the grey nape of the latter. This is the C. neglectm of Professor Schlegel, and is said by Mr Dresser, on the authority of Swinhoe, to interbreed fre quently with C. dauuricus. These are all the birds that seem entitled to be considered Daws, though Mr Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit, Museum, vol. iii. p. 24) associates with them (under the little-deserved separate generic distinction Coloeus) the Fish-Crow of North America, which appears both in structure and in habits to be a true Crow. (A, N.) JACKSON", chief city of Jackson county, Michigan, U.S., is situated on the Grand river, about 75 miles west of Detroit. The city is paved and lighted with gas, and several of the buildings are very handsome. It is the seat of the large State penitentiary. The commercial interests of the city are fostered by its position on no fewer than six railways ; and its manufactures are assisted by the water power, afforded by the river, which flows through the town, and is spanned by an iron bridge. Jackson manu factures fire-clay goods, railway and other carriages, chemi cals, agricultural implements, &c., and has foundries, planing-mills, and flour-mills. The presence of bituminous coal in the neighbourhood affords additional stimulus to trade ; and the surrounding country is fertile. A business college and a system of graded schools are among the educational resources of the city. Population in 1870, 11,447 ; in 1880, 16,105. JACKSON", capital of the State of Mississippi, U.S., and cliisf city of Hinds county, is pleasantly situated on the right 1 Some writers, as Jesse (Scenes and Tales of a Country Life, p. 57), have ascribed great sagacity to the Daw as a nest-builder, but the statement of this author seems open to a very different interpretation (Yarrell s Br. Birds, eil. 4, ii. p. 308, note) ; and Jardine s remark (N~at. Library, x. p. 236) that it often exhibits great want of instinct, seems to be quit* justifiel by the known facts. bank of the Pearl river, about 180 miles north of New Orleans, with which it is connected by rail. The city is fairly well built ; the chief buildings are the State capitol, the State penitentiary, and the institutions for the blind and for the deaf and dumb. One mile distant is the lunatic asylum. There are several good schools, and a State library of 15,000 volumes. The chief trade is in cotton, the average export being about 30,000 bales a year. Foundries and a factory for sashes and doors are among the manufactories of the place. Population in 1870, 4234; in 1880, 5205. JACKSON, chief city of Madison county, Tennessee, U.S., is situated on the Forked Deer river, about 70 miles north-east of Memphis. Its chief trade is in cotton, of which many thousand bales are exported annually. Jackson has flour and planing mills, and manufactories of railway and other carriages, besides smaller industries. Of its several educational institutions the chief is West Tennessee college, founded in 1844, which had in 1874-75 four professors and one hundred students. The South western Baptist university was opened in 1875. The population in 1880 numbered 5371. JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845), seventh president of the United States, was born March 15, 1767, at the Waxhaw or Warsaw settlement (whose position in relation to the later boundaries of North and South Carolina is unknown), whither his parents had immigrated from Carrickfergus in Ireland in 1765. Jackson had no regular education. He had some slight share in the war of inde pendence, and was taken prisoner in 1781. He studied law at Salisbury, North Carolina, and was admitted to the bar and began to practise at Nashville in Tennessee. In 1791, on the first incorrect report that Mrs Rachel Robards (nee Donelson) had succeeded in getting a divorce bill from her husband passed in Virginia, Jackson married her ; when, later, it was passed, they were remarried. In 1796 Jackson assisted to frame the constitution of Tennessee, and represented that State in the federal con gress, where he distinguished himself as an irreconcilable opponent of Washington. In 1797 he was elected a United States senator ; but he resigned the following year. He was judge of the supreme court of Tennessee from 1798 to 1804. In 1804-5 he contracted a friendship with Burr ; and at the latter s trial in 1807 Jackson was one of his conspicuous champions. Up to the time of his nomination for the presidency, the biographer of Jackson finds nothing to record but military exploits in which he displayed per severance, energy, and skill of a very high order, and a succession of personal acts in which he showed himself ignorant, violent, perverse, quarrelsome, and astonishingly indiscreet. In 1806 he killed Charles Dickinson in a duel. In 1813, as major-general of militia, he commanded in the campaign against the Creek Indians in Georgia and Alabama, and there first attracted public notice by his talents. In May 1814 he was commissioned as major- general in the regular army to serve against the English ; in November he captured Pensacola, used by the English as a base of operations; and on January 8, 1815, he inflicted a severe defeat on the enemy before New Orleans. During his stay in New Orleans, he declared martial law, and carried out his measures with unrelenting sternness, banish ing from the town a judge who attempted resistance. When civil law was restored, Jackson was fined $1000 for contempt of court; in 1844 congress ordered the fine with interest ($2700) to be repaid. In 1818 Jackson received the command against the Seminoles. His conduct in following them up into the Spanish territory of Florida gave rise to much hostile comment in the cabinet and in congress ; but the negotiations for the purchase of Florida put an end to the diplomatic question. In 1821 Jackson