536 J A C J A C barous. In 1791 he put forth a pamphlet, Observations on the Present State of Music in London, in which he found fault with everything and everybody. He published in 1798 The Four Ages, together with Essays on Various Subjects, a work which gives a favourable idea of his character and of his literary acquirements. It appears that he cultivated a taste for landscape painting, and imitated, not unsuccessfully, the style of his friend Gainsborough. He died July 12, 1803. JACKSONVILLE, the chief city in Duval county, Florida, U.S., and the largest in the State, is situated on the west bank of the Sfc John s river, 25 miles from the sea. The city is regularly built. The streets, many of which are pleasantly shaded with trees, are laid out on the common American rectangular system. Jacksonville exports very large quantities of lumber, besides fruit, cotton, sugar, and fish, and carries on a coasting trade with Charleston, Savannah, and St Augustine. The fine salubrious climate attracts numerous visitors and invalids from the northern States. Jacksonville, which owes its name to President Jackson was laid out as a town in 1822. In 1880 its population was 7650. JACKSONVILLE, the chief city of Morgan county, Illinois, U.S., on Mauvaiseterre Creek, a tributary of the Illinois river, is situated at the intersection of several railways, about 200 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. Its streets are wide and generally well shaded. The public build ings include State institutions for the blind, the feeble minded, the deaf and dumb, and the insane. Among the educational institutions, which are numerous, are Illinois College, three colleges for women, and a conservatory of of music. There is also a free library, with reading-room. The population in 1880 was 10,928. JACOB (^py! or 2ipy!, derived according to Gen. xxv. 26, xxvii. 36, from Dpy, and meaning " one who seizes the heel" or "supplants"), the younger son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the father of the twelve patriarchs. Accord ing to the Elohistic (Levitical) narrative in Genesis, he was born in the land of Canaan when his father was sixty years of age. After Esau, his twin brother, at the age of forty years had married two Hittite wives, Isaac at the instigation of Rebekah sent Jacob with his blessing to Padan Aram, there to seek a wife in the family of his maternal uncle Laban. Arrived at his destination, he married Rachel (to whom Bilhah was given as a maidservant) ; the same narrative implies also his union with Leah (whose maid was Zilpah). Before he left Padan Aram he had become the father of twelve sons, including Benjamin (Gen. xxxv. 23-26). On his return, with the property he had acquired, to his father Isaac in Canaan (xxxi. 18), God met him and blessed him and changed his name from Jacob to Israel ; the place where this occurred was called by him Bethel (xxxv. 9-13, xxxv. 15). In the course of a further migration southwards, Rachel died at a point not far from Ephrath (Bethlehem) ; finally Mamre, near Kirjath Arba (Hebron), where Isaac was living, was reached, and a permanent settlement appears to have been made until the death of Isaac there at the age of one hundred and eighty years. The subsequent migration of Jacob to Egypt with his household of seventy souls is then briefly indicated, and his hospitable reception as an old man of one hundred and thirty by Pharaoh. A residence was assigned to the colony in the best part of the land, the land of Rameses, by Joseph, and here the Israelites prospered much and rapidly increased. Seventeen years after the interview with Pharaoh the patriarch died, after having blessed his sons and particularly Joseph, whose two sons Ephraim and Manasseh he put upon a level with Reuben and Simeon. He was buried by his family, according to his own desire, in the cave of Machpelah, fronting Mamre, in the land of Canaan. The combined parallel narrative of the Jehovist and the other (elder) Elohist is much fuller, and in some points not easily to be reconciled with the preceding account. Various circumstances connected with the birth of the twins Isaac and Jacob are detailed ; the partiality of Isaac for the elder and of Rebekah for the younger is indicated ; Jacob s departure from Canaan is represented as a flight necessitated by his fraudulent conduct towards Isaac and Esau with reference to the blessing of the former ; a revelation received at Bethel in the course of this flight is described ; many minute particulars of his domestic life at Padan Aram and of his relations with Laban his uncle and father-in-law are given ; the scene of the change of name is placed at Peniel, where he wrestled with the angel (see Hos. xii. 5) ; a period of residence at Shechem is mentioned ; the death of Rachel at Ephrath is said to have happened in childbed ; after having fixed his home successively at Hebron and Beersheba, he is ultimately led by circum stances, which are described with much fulness and vivid ness, to migrate to Egypt, where he dies. Consideration of the relations of these parallel narratives may be postponed to the article PENTATEUCH. As to the interpretation of the history of Jacob, it is now usual to regard it as having an ethnological at least quite as much as a personal significance ; but none of the attempts hitherto made to mythologize it (as by Popper, who sees in the wrestling Jacob the Asiatic Hercules, Melicertes, Paltemon) can be regarded as even plausible. See Ewald, Gesch. Israels, i. 412 sqq. , 489 sqq. ; "Wellhausen, Gesch. Israels, i. 314, 374 ; Kuenen in the Theol. Tijdsclir. for May, 1871. JACOBABAD, a municipality and the chief town of the frontier district of Upper Sind, India, is situated in 28 17 N. lat. and 68 28 45" E. long. Laid out in 1847 by General John Jacob, on the site of the village of Khangarh, it is now the headquarters of the large military force of the Upper Sind frontier, and also of the local civil administration. It contains therefore a considerable European population, and possesses all the usual public offices and institutions of an import-ant station. In addition to the cantonments, civil and judicial courts, dispensary, I jail, post and telegraph offices, &c., it has also a " residency," I and lines for the accommodation of trade caravans (Mfi/as) 1 from Central Asia. The civil court, which is under the | Shikdrpur jurisdiction, was established in 1870, the I sessions judge of Shikarpur visiting it twice a year. Popula tion, including the military camp, 10,954. JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINEICH (1743-1819), a distin guished writer on philosophy, was born at Diisseldorf on the 25th January 1743. The second son of a wealthy merchant, who owned an extensive sugar factory near Diisseldorf, he was educated for a commercial career, partly in his native place, partly at Frankfort-on-the-Main. At the age of sixteen he was sent to complete his training at Geneva, where he remained for four years. Of a retiring disposition, and far more inclined to thoughtful meditation than to practical activity, Jacobi mainly associated himself at Geneva with the literary and scientific circle of which the most prominent member was Lesage. He studied closely the works of Bonnet, the Swiss naturalist and metaphysician, and was brought into contact with the new political ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire. In 1763 he was culled back to Diisseldorf, and in the following year he ! nif.rried and took his place at the head of the mercantile
- concern handed over to him by his father. After a short
period he gave up his commercial career, and in 1770
- became a member of the council for the duchies of Juliers
and Berg, in which capacity he distinguished himself by I his ability in the management of financial affairs, and his zeal in the direction of social reforms. Like his contem-
