J A C J A D 539 Ephesus, and rejects those of the council of Clmlcedon. It has some minor peculiarities in points of detail, for i example, as to the preparation of the communion elements, the mode of making the sign of the cross, and the method of electing patriarchs and bishops. Its head is called the patriarch of Antioch, who has hi? residence, however, for the most part at Diarbekir ; second to him is the " maphrian " (i.e., " fertilizer "), who has a kind of primacy over the eastern section of the church. No accurate statistics as to the numerical strength of the Jacobite Church exist ; its numbers may probably be safely placed considerably under 250,000. For a considerable time a Roman Catholic patriarch of the Jacobites has resided at Aleppo, and lately the Jacobites of Damascus have accepted Catholicism. The Jacobite Church owes its origin, as its name, to Jacobus, surnamed Baradaeus and sometimes Zanzalus, a native of Telia, who became a monk at Constantinople, and afterwards receiving episcopal con secration (541 or 543 A.D.) devoted thenceforward the rest of his life (nearly forty years) to extensive labours through out Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and the Mediterranean, islands, on behalf of the Monophysite cause. Such were his energy and zeal that he is said to have consecrated in the course of his travels no fewer than two patriarchs, twenty-seven bishops, and fully 100,000 priests and deacons. The epithet " Jacobite " is sometimes applied with less strict propriety to the Coptic, Abyssinian, and Armenian Churches, which also are Monophysite, and owe much to the influence of Baradceus. JACOBS, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH WiLHELM(1764-1847), a Germ in scholar and author, was born at Gotha, October 6, 1764. After studying philology and theology at Jena and Gottingen, he in 1785 became teacher in the gymnasium of his native town, and in 1802 was appointed to an office in the public library. In 1807 he became classical teacher in the lyceum of Munich, but he again returned to Gotha in 1810 to take the charge of the library and the numis matic cabinet. From 1831 to 1842 he was superintendent of the art collections of the town. He died at Gotha, March 30, 1847. Jacobs, besides editing a large number of the less known Greek and Latin authors, was a voluminous translator and also a suc cessful writer in various departments of general literature. Of his editorial labours the most important is the edition of the Antho- loyia Grseca, 13 vols. , 1794-1814. He also published translations from the Greek Anthology under the title Tempe, 2 vols., 1803. Hi* JUlementarbuch der griechischen Sprachc, 1805, has gone through many editions. His miscellaneous essays on classical subjects were published collectively at various periods under the title VcrmiscUte Schriften, and amount in all to 8 volumes. Among his other writings may be mentioned Schriftcn fur die Jiwjcnd, 3 vols., 1842-44; and Erzahlungcn, 7 vols., 1824-37. JACOTOT, JOSEPH (1770-1840), a French educationist, and author of the method of " Emancipation intellectuelle," was born at Dijon, March 4, 1770. He was educated at the university of Dijon, where in his nineteenth year he was chosen professor of Latin, after which he studied law, became advocate, and at the same time devoted a large amount of his attention to mathematics. In 1788 he organized a federation of the youth of Dijon for the defence of the principles of the Revolution ; and in 1792, with the rank of captain, he set out to take part in the campaign of Belgium, where he conducted himself with bravery and distinction. After for some time filling the office of secretary of the " commission d organisatiou du mouvement dos arme es," he in 1794 became deputy of the director of the Polytechnic school, and on the institution of the central schools at Dijon he was appointed to the chair of the " method of sciences," where he made his first experiments in that mode of tuition which he afterwards developed more fully. On the central schools being replaced by other educational institutions, Jacotot occupied successively the chairs of mathematics and of Roman law until the overthrow of the empire. In 1815 he was elected a representative to the chamber of deputies ; but after the second restoration he found it necessary to quit his native land, and, having taken up his residence at Brussels, he was in 1818 nominated by the Government teacher of the French language at the university of Louvain, where he perfected into a system the educational principles which he had already practised with success in France. His method was not only adopted in several institutions in Belgium, but also met with some approval in France, England, Germany, and Russia. An account of it will be found in the article EDUCATION, vol. vii. pp. 677-78. After the revolution of 1830 Jacotot returned to France, and he died at Paris. July 30, 1840. His system was described by him in Enseignement universal, Languc maternelle, Louvain and Dijon, 1823 which has passed through several editions and in various^other works ; and he also advocated his views in the Journal de V Emancipation intellectuelle. For a complete list of his works and fuller details regarding his career, see Biographie de J. Jacotot, by Achille Giuliani, Paris, 1860. JACQUARD, JOSEPH MARIE (1752-1834), inventor of the Jacquard silk-weaving loom, was born of humble i parents at Lyons, July 7, 1752. The earlier part of his j life is involved in considerable obscurity, though it is said j that his mechanical talent was manifest from an early age. j Jacquard married in 1777, and at the death of his father fell heir to two looms and a small sum of money. These, however, like Palissy s furniture, were sacrificed to the inventive pursuits of their owner, who was at last forced to become a lime-burner at Bresse, while his wife supported herself at Lyons by plaiting straw. In 1793 Jacquard j took part in the unsuccessful defence of Lyons against the j troops of the convention ; but afterwards served in their ranks on the Rhone and Loire. After seeing some active service, in which his young son was shot down at his side, Jacquard again returned to Lyons, where he succeeded in finding work. He still laboured at his machines, and in 1801 a medal was awarded him for an invention which he exhibited in the industrial exhibition at Paris, whereby one workman per loom was superseded in the weaving of figured silks. Jacquard was summoned to Paris, and after interviews with Napoleon and Curnot was attached to the Conservatoire des Arts et Me tiers. A loom of Vaucanson s,
- deposited there, suggested various improvements in his own,
- which he gradually perfected to its final state. In 1804
he returned to Lyons, and although his invention was fiercely opposed by the silk weavers, whom it threatened to deprive of a livelihood, its advantages were too great to suffer resistance. Many years before his death, which occurred at Oullins, a village near Lyons, on August 7, 1834, the inventor had the satisfaction of seeing his loom in almost universal use, and, as a consequence, the pro sperity of his native city rapidly advancing. Jacquard was rewarded with a pension of 60, a royalty of 2 upon each loom erected, and the cross of the legion of honour. His statue was erected in Lyons in 1840. See Lamartiiie s Jacquard, and the article WEAVING. JADE, a name popularly applied to several distinct ornamental stones, but restricted scientifically to a definite mineral species known as nephrite. The term nephrite, from ye<pos, the kidney, refers to the reputed value of the mineral in renal diseases, whence it was formerly known as Lapis nepliriticus. Probably the word jade is a corrup tion of the Spanish kijada, since this mineral is one of the stones which were known to the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru under the name of piedra de liijada, or "stone of the loins" a name which first appears in the writings of Monardes, in 1565, as piedra de la yjada. So numerous have been the names applied to this mineral in
