Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/565

J A E J A F 541 either jade or jadeite. From analyses published by Yoa Hochstetter, the former is a hydrated silicate of aluminium and magnesium, while the latter is a silicate of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. It was pointed out by Damour, in 1865, that certain stone celts found in the dolmens of France and in the lakes of Switzerland, as well as some from Mexico, are wrought in a material which resembles jadeite, but contains a larger proportion of iron, and is marked by having a specific gravity as high as 3 4 or even 3 65. This substance he distinguished as chloromelanite, a word which has an un fortunate resemblance to the name chloromelan which Breithaupt bestowed, as far back as 1823, upon a mineral resembling cronstedite. Damour s chloromelanite is a substance of spinach-green or blackish green colour, fre quently flecked with paler patches, and enclosing garnets and iron-pyrites. When H. B. de Saussure examined the geology of the Swiss Alps, he found a greenish mineral, of singular toughness, which he described as jade. By Haiiy it was afterwards called jade tenace. Its chemical composi tion, however, is quite unlike that of jade, and Beudant separated it as a distinct mineral under the name of " saussurite." Placed by the older mineralogists among the felspars, it seems to take its right position with the species called zoisite. Saussurite is a silicate of aluminium and calcium, having a specific gravity of about 3 2. It forms a constituent of the Alpine rock known as " euphotide," boulders of which are scattered around the Lake of Geneva, and were used by the lake-dwellers in the manufacture of implements. Another mineral occasionally mistaken for some of the paler kinds of jade, and used as a material for implements by the Neolithic occupants of western Europe, is the species termed " fibrolite." This is a silicate of aluminium with a specific gravity of about 3 2, a density serving to dis tinguish it from quartz, while it may be separated from other jade-like minerals by its infusibility. The following table, containing a few selected analyses of jade and the other minerals mentioned in this article, may be useful for reference. I. II. nr. iv. y_ VI. VII. VIII. IX. 68-46 27-09 12-06 1-15 59-50 24-24 11-60 1-35 0-79 0-75 57-75 19-86 14-89 4-7!) 0-46 0-90 56-50 20-09 13-27 6-75 0-42 52-25 18-07 19-27 6-80 59-17 MB 2-68 1-50 56-40 1:82 5-49 e-oa 43-59 2-98 19-71 37-10 Magnesia Ferrous oxide.. Manganous ,. .. 0-58 22-58 14-76 3-27 0-6G 27-72 2-61 61-03 0-71 Ferric oxide 0-38 Manganic ,, . Xickelic .... Chromic ,, .... 0-22 ... 0-26 ... Soda Potash 1-57 0-68 12-93 11-2!) 3-08 Water 085 0-68 3-50 1-5 0-35 1-20 98-7B 100-65 99-93 1 100-53 99-41 100-07 99-66 100-04 100-04J I. White jade, China; Damour, . . . s.g. 2 97 II. ,, ,, Turkestan ; L. K. von Fellenberg ,, 2 96 III. Green jade, New Zealand; ,, ,, 3 02 IV. ,, ,, Swiss Lake-dwelling; ., ,, 3 02 V. Oceanic jade ; Damour, . . . ., 3 18 VI. Jadeite, China; ,, 3 34 VII. Chloromelanite, stone celt; Damour, . . ,, 3 41 VIII. Saussurite, L. Geneva; T. Sterry Hunt, . ,, 3 30 IX. Fibrolite, celt from Morbihan ; Damour, . ,, 3 18 The literature of jade is very extensive, but it will be sufficient to refer to the work of Heinrich Fischer, which is almost ex haustive of the subject: Ncphrit und Jadcit, nach ihrcn mineralo- yischcn EigcnscJwiftcn some nach Hirer urgcschichtlichen und cthno- graphischen Bedeutung, 2d ed., Stuttgart, 1880. (F. W. R.*) JAEN, a province of Spain, in the north-east of And-ilucia, is bounded on the N. by Ciudad Real, on the E. by Albacete and Granada, on the S. by Granada, and on the V. by Cordoba, and has an area of 5184 square miles. It may be described in general terms as consisting of the upper basin of the Guadalquivir, by which it is traversed from east to west. The main affluents of that river within the province are the Guadianamenor on the left and the Guadalimar on the right. Situated immediately between the Morena and Nevada chains, Jaen is largely overrun by lofty spurs from both those systems, the most prominent being the Loma de Chiclana and the Loma de Ubeda in connexion with the former, and the Sierras de Cazorla, de Segura, and del Pozo, with the more isolated Sierra Magma and Monte Jabalcuz in connexion with the i latter. As in the other provinces presenting similar physical conditions, there are great inequalities of climate, that of the valleys being warm and admitting of olive and vine culture, while the bleak wind-swept uplands are only available as sheep walks. The mineral wealth of Jaen, which has been known from the time of the Romans, is great, and the mining industry (Linares) is the most important in the province. Agriculture is in a very backward state, the grain produced being insufficient for local demands. The total population in 1877 was 422,972. There are twenty-four towns with a population exceeding 5000, the most important being, besides Jaen the capital, , AlcalA la Real, Andiijar, Baeza, Bailen, Linares, Martos, Ubeda. JAEN, the capital of the above province, is picturesquely situated 37 miles north of Granada and 120 miles east of Seville, on the Jaen (an affluent of the Guadalquivir), at the base and on the slopes of an acclivity surmounted by an ancient Moorish citadel with which the walls of the city are connected. Its elevation above the sea-level is about 1800 feet. The streets, rising above one another on the hill-side, are narrow and irregularly built ; but there is a fine alameda commanding magnificent views of the surrounding country. The principal public building is the cathedral, built in the 16th century, in the Grseco-Roman style, on the site of an old Moorish mosque destroyed in 1492. In it is preserved the relic called "El Santo Rostro" or " La Santa Faz," " the Holy Face," said to have been impressed by the Saviour on the handkerchief of St Veronica. Besides the cathedral, there are twelve parish churches and fourteen religious houses ; the city also possesses hospitals, barracks, a theatre, an " institute," a library, and a museum of painting and sculpture. The manufactures of Jaen are unimportant. The population in 1877 was 24,392. The identification of Jaen with the Roman Aurinx, which has sometimes been suggested, is extremely questionable. During the period of Arab domination it early became a commercial centre of considerable importance, under the name of Jayyan, and ultimately rose to the dignity of capital of a petty kingdom, which was brought to an end only in 1246 by Ferdinand III., who transferred thither the bishopric of Baeza. Ferdinand IV., "El Emplazado," died at Jaen in 1312. In 1712 the town suffered severely from an earth quake. JAFFA. See JOPPA. JAFFNA, or JAFFXAPATAM, a town of Ceylon, situated in a peninsula of the same name at the northern ex tremity of the island. It is a place of 34,684 inhabi tants, according to the census of 1871 ; and, besides the usual administrative buildings of a district-town, it has a college (established in 1872) and a public library. The fort was described by Tennent as " the most perfect little military work in Ceylon a pentagon built of blocks of white coral." The European part of the town bears the Dutch stamp more distinctly than any other town in the island ; and there still exists a Dutch Presbyterian church. Several of the church buildings date from the time of the Portuguese. The inhabitants, mainly Tamils, are remarkably industrious, and their careful system of cultivation has turned the naturally sandy peninsula into a scene of luxuriant beauty. In 1873 there were fifty-one European cocoa-nut estates in the district. Jaffna, or, as the natives call it, Yalpannan, was occupied by the Tamils about 204 B.C., and there continued to be Tamil rajahs of Jaffna till 1617, when the Portuguese took possession of