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J A M - J A M 563 vigorous by nature. In her later years she took up a succession of subjects all bearing on the same principles of active benevolence, and the best ways of carrying them into practice. Sisters of charity, hospitals, penitentiaries, prisons, and workhouses all claimed her interest all more or less included under those definitions of "the communion of love and communion of labour " which are inseparably connected with her memory. To the clear and temperate forms in which she brought the results of her convic tions before her friends in the shape of private lectures, subsequently printed, may be traced the source whence living reformers and philanthropists took counsel and courage. Mrs Jameson died in March 18GO. She left the last of her Sacred and Legendary Art series in preparation. It was completed, under the title of The History of our Lord in Art, by Lady Eastlake. (E. E.) JAMESON, or JAMESONE, GEORGE (c. 1587-1644), a Scotch portrait painter, was born, probably in 1587, at Aberdeen, where his father was architect and a member of the guild. After studying painting under Rubens at Antwerp, with Vandyck as a fellow pupil, he returned in 1620 to Aberdeen, where he was married in 1624 and remained at least until 1630, after which he took up his residence in Edinburgh. The department of paint ing which he chiefly practised was portraiture in oil, but he also painted a few historical subjects and land scapes. His portraits are generally less than life size. According to Walpole they are characterized by " delicacy and softness, with a clear and beautiful colouring"; but, although undoubtedly the instructions of Eubens had left their influence on his style, he has no claim to the title of the Vandyck of Scotland by which he is often known, and perhaps owed even his exceptional fame in Scotland as much to chance as to his own merits. Having been employed by the magistrates of Edinburgh to copy several portraits of the Scottish kings for presentation to Charles I. on his first visit to Scotland in 1633, the king rewarded him with a diamond ring from his own finger. This circumstance appears to have at once established his fame, and he soon found constant though not very remunerative employment in painting the portraits of the nobility and gentry of his native land. He also painted a portrait of Charles, which he declined to sell to the magistrates of Aberdeen for the price they offered. The largest collection of the works of Jameson is said to be that in Taymouth castle, and, be sides those in the houses of several of the gentry of Scot land, there are a few in the colleges of Aberdeen. He died at Edinburgh in 1644. JAMESON, ROBERT (1774-1854), regius professor of natural history in the university of Edinburgh, was born at Leith July 11, 1774. After an education at Leith grammar school and Edinburgh university, he became assistant to a surgeon in his native town; but, having studied natural history under Dr Walker in 1792 and 1793, he felt that his true province lay in that science, for which indeed he had had a predilection from boyhood. The course of his studies during the next few years is to be traced in his scientific papers and books. He went in 1800 to Freiberg to study for nearly two years under the learned Werner, and spent other two in Continental travel. On his return to Edinburgh in 1804, when he succeeded Dr Walker in the chair of natural history, he became, in lectures, writings, and controversy, perhaps the first great exponent in England of the Wernerian geological system ; and ifc is to his credit that, when he found that theory untenable, he frankly and honestly announced his conver sion to the views of Hutton. As a teacher, Professor Jameson was no less remarkable than Werner for his power of imparting his own enthusiasm to his students, and from his classroom there radiated an influence which gave a marked impetus to the study of geology in Britain. It was his energy also that, by means of Government aid, private donation, and personal outlay, amassed the greater part of the splendid collection which now occupies the natural history department of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art. In 1808 Jameson founded the Wer nerian Natural History Society, and in 1819, along with Sir David Brewster, he originated the Edinburgh Philo sophical Journal, which after the tenth volume remained under his sole conduct till his death, which took place April 19, 1854. His bust, presented by the Wernerian Society to the museum some years before his death, now stands in the university library hall. Professor Jameson was the author of Mineralogy of Arran and tlie Shetland Islands, 1798, incorporated with Mineralogy of the Scottish Isles, 2 vols. 4to, 1800; Mineralogical Description of Scot land, vol. i. pt. 1, "Dumfriesshire," 1804 (this was to have been the first of a series embracing all Scotland) ; System of Mineralogy, 1804; Characters of Minerals, 1804; Elements of Geognosy, 1809; and Manual of Minerals and Mountain Hocks, 1821 ; besides a number of occasional papers, of which a list will be found in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for April 1854, along with a biographical sketch of the author. JAMESTOWN, a village in Chautauqua county, New York, is situated on the Chautauqua Outlet at the southern end of Chautauqua Lake, about 55 miles south-south-west of Buffalo. It may be conveniently reached by rail, or by steamer from Mayville at the north end of the lake, and its vicinity is steadily rising into favour as a summer resort. The manufactures include alpaca, woollens, pianos and furniture, sashes and blinds, edge-tools and iron. The population, which in 1870 was 5336, was 7264 in 1880. JAMI. Niiruddin Abdurrahman ibn Ahmed (1414- 1492), called el-Jaml from his birthplace Jam in Khorasan, was the last great poet and mystic of Persia. See PERSIA. JAMIESON, JOHN (1759-1838), author of the Scottish Dictionary, was born in Glasgow, where his father was a Dissenting clergyman, March 3, 1759. He was educated at Glasgow university, and subsequently attended classes in Edinburgh. After six years theological study, Jamieson was licensed to preach in 1779. From 1780 till 1797 he was pastor of the Secession (Antiburgher) congregation of Forfar; and from 1797 till his death on July 12, 1838, he occupied the pulpit of the Antiburgher church in Nicolson Street, Edinburgh. Jamieson s name stands at the head of a tolerably long list of works in the Bibliotlicca Britannica; but by far his most important book is the laborious and erudite compilation, best described by its own title-page : An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Lan guage; illustrating the words in their different significations by examples from Ancient and Modern Writers; shelving their Affinity to those of other Languages, and especially the Northern; explaining many terms which though now obsolete in England were formerly common to both countries; and elucidating National Eitcs, Customs, and Institutions in their Analogy to those of other nations; to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language. This appeared in 2 vols. 4to, at Edinburgh in 1808, followed in 1825 by a Supplement, in 2 vols. 4to, in which he was assisted by scholars in all parts of the country. Both appeared together in later editions; in 1879 the first volume of an edition, in which the Sup plement is incorporated in the body of the work, was published. Abridgments of the Dictionary have been issued in 1818, and in many subsequent years. Among Jamieson s other works may be mentioned The Use of Sacred History, 2 vols., 1802; Hermes Scythicus, or the Jladical Affinities of the Greek and Latin Lan guages to the Gothic, 1814; and various essays, sermons, and poems. For his Vindication of the Doctrine of Scripture and of the Primi tive Faith concerning the Deity of Christ, 1795, a reply to Dr Priest ley, Jamieson received the degree of D.D. from the college of New Jersey. JAMNIA ( la/ma or Idjjiveia), the Greek form of the Hebrew name Jabneel (Josh. xv. 11) or Jabneh (2 Chron. xxvi. 6), the modern Arabic Yelna, a city of Palestine, on the border between Dan and Judah, situated 13 miles south of Jaffa, and 4 miles east of the sea-shore. The