600 J A U J A V 43 inches ; during tliat period the maximum was 51 6 inches, the minimum 22 inches. There are two charitable dispensaries. _ In prehistoric times Jaunpur seems to have formed a portion of the Ajodhya principality, and when it first makes an appearance in authentic history it was subject to the rulers of Benares. With the rest of their dominions it fell under the yoke of the Musalman invaders in 1194. From that time the district appears to have been ruled by a prince of the Kanauj dynasty, as a tributary of the Mahometan suzerain. In 1388 Malik Sanvar Khwaja was sent by Muhammad Tughlak to govern the eastern province. He fixed his residence at Jaunpur, made himself independent of the Delhi court, and assumed the title of Sultan-us-Shark, or eastern emperor. For nearly a century the Sharki dynasty ruled at Jaunpur, and proved formidable rivals to the sovereigns of Delhi. The last of the dynasty was Sultan Hussen, who passed his life in a fierce and chequered struggle for supremacy with Bahlol Lodi, then actual emperor at Delhi. At length, in 1478, Bahlol succeeded in defeat ing his rival in a series of decisive engagements. He took the city of Jaunpur, but permitted the conquered Hussen to reside there, and to complete the building of his great mosque, the Jama Masjid, which now forms the chief ornament of the town. Many other architectural works in the district still bear witness to its greatness under its independent Musalman rulers. Under the Lodi dynasty the history of Jaunpur contains nothing more than the stereotyped narrative of provincial intrigue, constant revolt, and bloody repres sion. When the last of that line was killed, a local kingdom was once more established for a short time in the district, but after the fall of Agra and Delhi Jaunpur was recovered, and the district thence forward formed a portion of the Mughal empire. Nothing worthy of note occurred in connexion with this district until 1722, when it was transferred, with Benares, Ghazipur, and Chunar, to the nawab wazir of Oudh, who appointed a commander to the districts with the title of raja of Benares. The first connexion of the British with the district arose in 1765, when it passed for a short time into their hands after the battle of Baxar. In 1775 it was finally made over to them by the treaty of Luck now. From that time nothing occurred which calls for notice till the date of the mutiny. On the 5th June 1857, when the news of the Benares revolt reached Jaunpur, the Sikhs mutinied. The district continued in a state of complete anarchy till the arrival of the Gurkha force from Azamgarh in Sep tember. In November the surrounding country was lost again, and it was not till May 1858 that the last smouldering embers of dis affection were stifled by the repulse of the insurgent leader at the hands of the people themselves. JAUNPUR, a municipal town and the administrative headquarters of the above district, situated in 25 41 31" N. lat. and 82 43 38" E. long., on the northern bank of
- the river Gumti. Jaunpur is a very ancient city, the former
capital of a considerable Mahometan kingdom, which once i extended from Budaun and Etawah to Behar. It abounds in splendid architectural monuments, most of which belong to the Pathan period, when the rulers of Jaunpur made
- themselves independent of Delhi. Among the remains are
i the fort of Firoz, the hammams or baths, the Atala Masjid I and the Jinjiri Masjid, mosques built by Ibrahim, the Dariba mosque constructed by two of Ibrahim s governors, | the LAI Darwaza erected by the queen of Mahmud, the i Jama Masjid or great mosque of Hussen, and the splendid bridge over the Gumti, erected by Mumzin Khan, governor under the Mughals, in 1569-73. During the mutiny of 1857 Jaunpur formed a centre of great disaffection. The town still possesses a considerable trade. There are two railway stations there. The population in 1872 was 23,327, comprising 12,369 Hindus and 10,949 Maho metans and 9 "others." JAVA Plata VIII. A MONG the islands of the Indian archipelago Java is XJL not the largest, being surpassed in this regard by Borneo, New Guinea, Sumatra, and Celebes ; but in every other respect it is the most important of them all. It has passed through the most remarkable vicissitudes, has been the scene of the most eventful occurrences, and possesses the noblest memorials of bygone splendour. It supports a larger population than all the other islands of the Indian Ocean together, a population as dense indeed as that of the most populous of European countries. In natural beauty it rivals the most f xvoured regions of the world. Through the mildness of its climate and the industry of its people it possesses a richer store of valuable productions than almost any country of equal extent can boast : its rice-fields make it the granary of the East Indian islands, and its c.ofTee and sugar plantations are a perpetual source of wealth to Holland, the country which has the good fortune to claim its allegiance. 1 Java lies between 105 10 and 114 34 E. long., and between 5 52 and 8 46 S. lat. Its greatest length measured from Pepper Bay in the west to Banyuwangi in the east amounts to no less than 622 miles ; its greatest breadth from Cape Bugel in Japara to the south coast of Jokjokarta is only 121. The area is estimated at 49,176 square miles, nearly four times that of Holland (12,731 square miles). Both physically and administratively the island of Madura, separated from the main island by a narrow strait, must be taken along with Java ; and the same is more or less the case with a number of smaller islands Pulo Panitan or Princes Island, lying off the most western promontory, the Thousand Islands, the Karimon- Djawa (Carimon Java) archipelago, about 50 miles to the north of Japara, Bawean (Bavean), a little further to the north of Madura, the Sumanap islands to the north-east of Madura, and Deli, Tindjil, Nusa Kambangan, Sempu, and Nusa Barung off the south coast. These all being 1 The above general description is taken from the Java of Professor Veth of Leyden, the standard work on the subject, included, the area of what is officially known as Java and Madura amounts to 51,961 square miles. 2 There is a striking difference between western and eastern Java in the main features of relief. The western portion, exclusive of the northern alluvial coast-land, is a compact mass of mountains culminating in volcanic peaks nowhere interrupted by plains or lowland valleys. In the eastern and larger portion the volcanoes rise in independent clusters, and the valleys between open out into wide champaigns. Even in the east the number of volcanic eminences is exceptionally large ; and, if the whole island be taken into view, there is scarcely any region of the world of equal extent which can boast of so many. The following are those which are still in a state of activity : Ged6 (the most western), Tangkuban Prahu, Guntur, Pepandayan, Telaga Bodas, Galung-gung, Tjerme , the Slamat (sometimes called Ged6), Sendara, Sumbing, Merapi, Lawu, Wilis (?), Kelut, Ardjuna, Kawi (?), Tenger, Sraeru or Semcru, Lamongan, Rawun, and Idjen. The loftiest of them all is Semeru, with a height of 12,238 English feet. 3 2 The orthography of East Indian names is far from constant. Even in the same Dutch book Madura and Madoera, Jokjakarta, Djok- jokarta, and Djokdjokarta are to be found. In the present article the Dj or J is usually given in the more English form of J, the oe as u, and so on. 3 See Junghuhn s Java. Chronological lists of the eruptive and seismical phenomena of the island, and indeed of all the Indian archi pelago, are given from time to time in the Nat. Tijds. voor Ned. Ind. From Dr Bergsma s report in the volume for 1880 it appears that in 1878 there were sixteen distinct earthquakes registered throughout the island. That both volcanoes and earthquakes are not without present importance among the physical agencies engaged in the new shaping of the land is shown by such facts as the following: in 1843, according to Junghuhn s estimate, Mount Guntur flung forth ashes and sand to the extent of 30 million tons ; by the great eruption of Mount Galung-gung in 1822, no fewer than 114 villages were laid waste and 4000 persons destroyed ; in 1867 an earthquake caused the death of 1000 people in the town of Jokjokarta alone ; in 1872 the eruption of Merapi (one of the most active of the volcanoes) proved fatal to many of the inhabitants of Kaflu; and the damage to be feared from the ashes thrown out by the same mountain interferes with the
