Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/638

G10 j A W J A Y was divided into the two states of Surakarta and Jokjokarta, which still retain nominal independence. The kingdom of Bantam was finally subjugated in 1808. By the English occupation of the island (1811-18) the European ascendency was rather strengthened than weakened ; and the great Java war (1825-30), in which Dipa Negar& made a last great struggle to maintain the position of the native dynasty, resulted in the complete success of the Dutch. The fullest account of Java is contained in Professor Veth s Java: Geograph- isch, Ethnologisch, Jlisiorisch, 3 vols., Haarlem, 1875-80. J he first volume tonsists of a general description of the geography, flora, fauna, Inhabitants, language, &c. ; the second gives a history of the native states (leaving the growth of the Dutch power, already treated in detail by De Jonge, as much as possible out of view); and the third presents a topographical description of each of the residencies. The very existence of such a work implies the previous existence! of a vast literature on its subject. Besides Jnnghuhn. Kaffirs, and others referred to above, and under the heading INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, we may mention Ryckli ff van Goens, Javaense Itetise . . . in den Jure ICSG, Dort, l(iti<; ; Hogendorp, Coup d osil sur Tile de Java, Brussels, 1830 ; Pfyffer von Keueck, Skizzen ran der Instil Java, &c., 1829 ; Kussendragen, Natuur. en aardn jtsk. beschrijving van Java, Groningen, 1841 ; W. K. van Iloevell, Reis over Java, Amsterdam, 1849, <tc., and Uit het Ind. leren, Zaltbommel, I860; D Ahneida, Life in Java; Pijnappcl, Geugraphie van Ned. 2nd.; Hollander, Handleiding rear de land en tolkenkundt van Nederlansch Indie. Gramberg s historical romances, and E. D. Dekker (JIultatuli), Max Uatelaar of de Jfojfieveilingen der Ncderlandsche Handelsmaat- schappij, Amsterdam, 18GO, are of value for their pictures of Javanese life. Professor Veth s work contains physical, historical, and topographical maps. Others on a larger scale will be found in the Atlas van Nedertand en zijne Over- tcesche Betittingen, published by A. W. Sijthoff, 1879. (H. A. V.) JAWAROW, the chief town of a district in the Austrian crown-land of Galicia, with extensive suburbs. It contains a nunnery, and has a good grain market. The town was a favourite residence of the Polish king John Sobieski, j who there received the congratulations of the pope and the Venetian republic on his success against the Turks at Vienna (1683). At Jawarow Peter the Great was betrothed to Catherine I. The population in 1869 was 8699. JAXARTES. See SIR DARIA. JAY (French, Geai), a well-known and very beautiful European bird, the Corvus glandarius of Linnaeus, the Garndus glandarius of modern ornithologists. To this species are more or less closely allied numerous birds in habiting the Palaearctic and Indian Regions, as well as the greater part of America, but not occurring in the Antilles, in the southern portion of the Neotropical Region, or in the Ethiopian or Australian. All these birds are commonly called Jays, and form a group of the Crows or Corvidse, which may fairly be considered a Subfamily, Garrulinse. Indeed there are, or have been, systematists who would elevate the Jays to the rank of a Family, Garrulidse a proceeding which seems unnecessary. Some of them have an unquestionable resemblance to the Pies, if the group now known by that name can be satisfactorily severed from the true Corvinsz. In structure the Jays are not readily differentiated from the Pies ; but in habit, so far as is known of them, they are much more arboreal, delighting in thick coverts, seldom appearing in the open, and seeking their food on or under trees. They seem also never to walk or run when on the ground, but always to hop. The body-feathers are commonly loose and soft; and, gaily coloured as are most of the species, in few of them has the plumage the metallic glossiness it generally presents in the Pies, while the proverbial beauty of the "Jay s wing" is due to the vivid tints of blue turquoise and cobalt, heightened by bars of jet-black, an indication of the same style of ornament being observable in the greater number of the other forms of the group, and in some predominat ing over nearly the whole surface. Of the many genera th it have been proposed by ornithologists, perhaps about nine may be deemed sufficiently well established. The ordinary European Jay, Garndus glandarius (fig. 1), has of late years suffered so much persecution in the British Islands as to have become in many districts a rare bird. In Ireland it seems now to bs indigenous to the southern half of the island only ; in England generally, it is far less numerous than formerly ; and Mr Lumsden (Scottish Naturalist, iii. pp. 230-240) has shewn that in Scotland its numbers have decreased with still greater rapidity. There is little doubt that it would have been exterminated by this time but for its stock being supplied in autumn by immigration, and for its shy and wary behaviour, especially j at the breeding-season, when it becomes almost wholly mute, and thereby often escapes detection. No truthful man, however much he may love the bird, will gainsay the depre dations on fruit and eggs that it at times commits ; but ths gardeners and gamekeepers of Britain fall into the usual error of persons imperfectly acquainted with the ways of Nature, and, instead of taking a few simple steps to guard their charge from injury, or at most of punishing the indi vidual birds from which they suffer, deliberately adopt methods of wholesale destruction methods that in the case of this species are only too easy and too effectual- by proffering temptation to trespass which it is not in Jay-nature to resist, and accordingly the bird runs great chance of total extirpation. Notwithstanding the war carried on against the Jay, its varied cries and active gesticulations shew it to be a sprightly bird, and at a distance that renders its beauty-spots invisible, it is yet rendered conspicuous by its cinnamon-coloured body and pure white tail-coverts, which contrast with the deep black arid rich chestnut that otherwise mark its plumage, and even the young at once assume a dress closely resembling that of the adult. The nest, generally concealed in a leafy tree or bush, is carefully built, with a lining formed of fine roots neatly interwoven. Herein from four to seven eggs, of a greenish- white closely freckled, so as to seem suffused with light olive, are laid in March or April, and the young on quitting it accompany their parents for some weeks. FlG. 1. European Jay. Though the common Jay of Europe inhabits nearly the whole of this quarter of the globe south of 64 N. lat, its territory in the east of Russia is also occupied by G. Irandti, a kindred form, which replaces it on the other side of the Ural, and ranges thence across Siberia to Japan ; and again on the Lower Danube and thence to Constantinople the nearly-allied (7. krynicki (which alone is found in southern Russia, Caucasia, and Asia Minor) shares its haunts with it. 1 It also crosses the Mediterranean to Algeria and Morocco; but there, as in southern Spain, it is probably 1 ut a winter immigrant. The three forms just named have the widest range of any of the genus. Next to them come G. atricapillus, reaching from Syria to Beloochistan, G. japonicus, the ordinary Jay of southern Japan, and G. sinensis, the Chinese bird. Other forms have a much more 1 Further information will possibly shew that these districts are not occupied at the same season of the year l>y the two forms.