Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/648

620 J E M J E N JEMMAPES, or JEMAPPES, a village in the arron- dissement and 3 miles west of the town of Mons, in the province of Hainault, Belgium, is situated on the Haine, near the " Bassin du Flenu," one of the richest coal-fields in the province. It has manufactures of mining gear, salt, soap, brass, and leather. The population of the commune in 1876 was 10,816. Jemmapes is famous as the scene of a sanguinary buttle fought November 6, 1792, between the French under Dumouriez and the Austrians under the duke of Saxe-Teschen, in which the latter were defeated. The French gained temporary possession of Belgium, and Jemmapes gave its name to a French department, comprising most of Hainault. JENA, a town in the department of Apolda, in the grand-duchy of Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Germany, is situ ated, about 56 miles south-west of Leipsic by rail, at the junction of the Leutra and Saale, in a beautiful valley, surrounded by romantic hills, and dotted over with villages. The town is tolerably well built, though the houses are quaint, and many of the streets narrow. Besides the university buildings, the more interesting edifices are the 15th century church of St Michael, with a tower 318 feet high, and containing the bronze statue of Luther, originally intended for his tomb ; the college-church ; the library ; the old-fashioned town-house in the market-place ; the castle, built in 1620, where Goethe wrote his Hermann und Dorothea ; the Black Bear tavern (now a hotel), where Luther spent the night after his flight from the Wartburg ; and Weigel s house. The career, or students prison, ceased to be used for academic discipline in 1880. In 1858, the tercentenary of the inauguration of the university, the various houses in Jena that had been occupied by illustrious men were marked by memo rial tablets. Close to the town are the Thuringian dis trict court and the large lunatic asylum both built in 1879. Of the old fortifications there remain only four towers and an ancient gateway ; while the moat has been laid out as a promenade, adorned with busts and statues. On the Hausberg to the east rises the gaunt and legendary Fuchsthurm ; and 2 miles to the west, on the Forstberg, is the tower raised to the students of Jena who fell in the war against France, 1870-71. Among the schools are a gymnasium opened in 1876, and a commercial school. Jena is the seat of an upper appeal court, of a statistical bureau for the Thuringian states, and of a chamber of commerce. The town owes what prosperity it now has to the presence of the university founded by the elector, John Frederick of Saxony, whose statue stands in the market place. In 1547 that prince, while a captive in the hands of Charles V., conceived the plan of erecting a university at Jena, in place of that of Wittenberg, which he had forfeited. The academy, founded accordingly at Jena in 1548 by the elector s three sons, obtained the necessary charter from the emperor Ferdinand I., and on February 2, 1558, was formally inaugurated as a university. The students were most numerous about the middle of the 18th century, when some 3000 attended ; but the most brilliant professoriate was under Duke Karl August, Goethe s patron (1787-1806), when in the different faculties Reinhold, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schlegel, Oken, and Schiller read lectures. Founded as a home for the new religious opinions of the 1 6th century, Jena has always liberally granted a hearing to new teaching; and it distances perhaps every other German university in the extent to which it carries what are popularly regarded as the characteristics of German student-life, duelling, and the sentimental passion for Freihe.it. At the end of last and the beginning of the present century, the opening of new universities, co-operating with the suspicions of the various German Governments as to the democratic opinions which obtained at Jena, militated against it, and the uni versity has never regained its former prosperity. In the session 1880-81 the teaching-staff numbered 80 members; in the winter session 1879-80 the students numbered 481, and in the summer session 1880, 546. Amongst the numerous auxiliaries of the university may be mentioned the library with 180,000 volumes; the seminaries of philology, theology, and education ; the institutes for chemistry, pharmacy, zoology, botany (with a botanical gar den), and meteorology (with an observatory in the garden of which a bust of Schiller marks the spot where he wrote his Wallenstein) ; the veterinary and agricultural institutions ; and the various physical and archaeological collections, which now occupy the castle. A clinical institute and the several hospitals assist the study of medicine. The Jenaer Literaturzeitung, whose issue in its present form began in 1874 under the patronage of the university, is the ultimate successor of the first Literaturzeitung fur Deittschland, which appeared at Jena in 1785. The manufactures of Jena, which are not important, comprise cigars, pianos, cloth, woollens, cement, beer, and sausages. There is some activity in the book-trade and in vine-growing ; and the traffic of wood-rafts on the Saale deserves mention. The population in 1875 was 9020. Jena appears to have possessed town-rights in 1029. At the beginning of the 14th century it was in the possession of the margraves of Meissen, from whom it passed in 1423 to the elector of Saxony. Since 1485 it has remained in the Ernestine line of the house of Saxony. In 1662 it fell to Bernhard, youngest son of the duke of Weimar, and became the capital of a small separate duchy. Bernhard s line having become extinct in 1690, Jena was united with Eisenach, and in 1741 reverted with that duchy to Weimar. In more modern times Jena has been made famous by the defeat inflicted in the vicinity, on October 14, 1806, by Napoleon upon the Prussian army under the duke of Brunswick See Schreiber and Karber, Jena von seiiiem I rsprung bis ziir i/tueften Zeit. -<l ed., 1858 ; Ortloff, Jena und Unujeyewl, 3d ed., 1875. JENGBIZ KHAN (1162-1227) Mongol emperor, was born in a tent on the banks of the river Onon, in 1162. His father Yesukai was absent at the time of his birth, being engaged in a campaign against a Tatar chieftain named Temuchin. In this conflict the fortune of war favoured the side of Yesukai, who having slain his enemy returned to his encampment in triumph. Here he was met by the news that his wife Yulun had given birth to a son. On examining the child he observed in its clenched fist a clot of coagulated blood like a red stone. In the eyes of the superstitious Mongol this circumstance took the shape of a mysterious reference to his victory over the Tatar chieftain, and he therefore named the infant Temuchin. The death of Yesukai, which placed Temuchin, who was then only thirteen years old, on the Mongol throne, was the signal also for the dispersal of several tribes whose allegiance the old chieftain had retained by the exer cise of an iron rule. When remonstrated with by Temu chin on their desertion of his banner, the rebels replied : " The deepest wells are sometimes dry, and the hardest stone is sometimes broken ; why should we cling to thee?" But Yulun was by no means willing thus to see her son s power melt away, and seizing the national standard she led those retainers who remained faithful against the deserters, and succeeded in bringing back fully one half to their allegiance. With this doubtful material for the maintenance of his chieftainship, Temuchin succeeded in holding his ground against the insidious pluts and open hostilities of the neighbouring tribes, more especially of the Naimans, Keraits, and Merkits. With one or other of these he maintained an almost unceasing warfare until the year 1206, when his power was so firnly established that he felt the time had arrived when he might proclaim himself the ruler of an empire. He therefore summoned the notables of his kingdom to an assembly on the banks of the Onon, and at their unanimous request adopted the name and title of Jenghiz Khan (Chinese