Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/657

J E R J E K G29 differences of reading. " The LXX. has very few additions, and these only single words or syllables ; on the contrary, there are many omissions of words, sentences, verses, and whole passages (altogether about 2700 words are wanting, or the eighth part of the Massoretic text) ; also alterations of passages, sometimes not without influence on the sense " (Bleek) ; and these discrepancies are of extremely early date, for the state of the Greek text was already noticed by Origen (Ep. ad Afrlc., p. 56, Migne). Three principal explanations have been offered : (1) the error of copyists (Jerome, Grabe) ; (2) negligence and caprice on the part of the Greek translators (Spohn, Naegelsbach, Wichelhaus, Keil, Graf); (3) the existence of various (or at least two) recensions of the Hebrew, the recension used by LXX. being nearer to the original text than that of the Massorets (J. D. Michaelis, Movers, Hitzig, Bleek). A better view is that adopted by Ewald, Schrader, and Kuenen, according to which the Massoretic text is on the whole the best ; but the Greek version, in spite of the manifold errors and caprices of the translator, sometimes approaches more nearly to the original than the Massoretic text. * Modern Literature. Venema, Comment. in librum prophet. Jerc- mias, 2 vols., Leeuwarden, 1765 ; Blayney, Jeremiah and Lamen tations, a new translation, with notes critical, philological, and explanatory, London, 1784 ; Spohn, Jcrcmias vales e vers. Jud. Alcxandr. ac rcliqu. intcrpr. Griec. cmcndatus, notisquc crit. illus- tratus, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1794, 1824 (of little value); Roorcla, Comm. in aliquot Jer. loca, Groningen, 1824 ; Movers, DC, utrius- que reccnsionis vaticiniorum Jcrcmise, Grsecfs Alexandrines ct IfebraicK Masorethicie, indole ct origins, Hamburg, 1837 ; Kiiper, Jeremias librornm sanctorum intcrprcs atque vinde.r, Berlin, 1837 ; "Wichelhaus, Da Jercmins versions Alcxandrina, Halle, 1847 ; Scliolz, Dcr Mas. Text und die LXX. Ucbers. d. B. Jtr., 1875; Guthe, DC Fuederis notions Jercmiana, 1877. Commentaries by Graf, Leipsic, 1862; Hitxig, 2<1 ed., Leipsic, 1866; Naegelsbach, Bielefeld and Leipsic, 1868 ; Keil, Leipsic, 1872 ; Payne Smith (Speaker s Commentary, vol. v. ), London, 1875; Ewald (vol. iii. of English translation of Din Prophctcn}, London, 1879 ; Scholz, 1880; Clieyne (Pulpit Commentary], in the press. (T. K. C.) JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA, a city in the province of Cadiz, Spain, near the right bank of the Guadalete, 16 miles N.N.R of Cadiz (28 by rail), and 67 S.S.E. of Seville. It is pleasantly situated on an undulating plain of much fertility, and covers a considerable extent of ground. The old crenated Moorish wall by which it was formerly surrounded, but which it has now quite outgrown, still par tially exists, as also do some of the ancient gateways. The newer portions of the town are well built, having broad regular streets with numerous " plazas " or squares adorned with fruit trees. The principal buildings are the Alcazar, an old palace fortress belonging to the Moorish period, adjoining the modern " alameda " or promenade ; the collegiate church (1695), which, however, though large, presents no attractive architectural features ; and the municipal buildings, belonging to the end of the 16th cen tury, which display considerable taste. There are numer ous other churches, a theatre, an orphanage, four hospitals, an " institute," a library, and various schools. The bull ring (1875) is a large one, and enjoys a good repute in Andalusia. The staple article of trade is the wine grown in the neighbourhood, known from the name of the town as "sherds " (xeres) or sherry, of which in 1876 a total of 4,607,550 imperial gallons was exported. Of these Great Britain and Ireland took 4,024,114, British colonies 51,122, and other parts of the world 532,314. The popu lation in 1877 was 64,533. Jerez has sometimes been identified with the ancient Asia Rctjia, but is most probably the Asido (" qufe Csesariana ") of Pliny. The Shcrish of the Arabs is said to have been a corruption from C&saris Asido. It was in this neighbourhood that the decisive battle of the Guadalete (July 711) was fought which practically made Tarik master of the entire Pyrenrean peninsula, Jerez, which is frequently mentioned in the chronicles of the Spanish Arabs, was recovered by Alphonso the Wise in 1255. JEREZ DE LOS CABALLEROS, a city in the pro vince of Badajoz, Spain, is picturesquely situated 39 miles to the south of that city, on two heights near the Ardila, a tributary of the Guadiana. The old town is surrounded by a Moorish wall with six gates ; the newer portion of the city is well and regularly built, and adorned with numerous orange and other fruit trees. It has Hnen and woollen manufactures to a limited extent and several tanneries ; but its principal articles of trade are the various agricul tural and other products of the district, especially the fine quality of pork which is reared in the oak forests of the neighbourhood. The town is said to have been founded by Alphonso IX. of Leon in 1229 ; in 1232 it was extended by his son Saint Ferdinand, who gave it to the Knights Templars, whence the name de los Caballeros. It was made a city by Charles V. The population in 1877 was 8463. JERICHO (inn*, inn; fragrant," or perhaps, -accord ing to an old interpretation, " city of the moon") was the first city west of the Jordan occupied by the Israelites. The city was destroyed, and, though it is mentioned from time to time under its usual name (2 Sam. x. 5) or by its epithet " city of palm trees" (Judg. i. 16, iii. 13; comp. Deut. xxxiv. 3), it was not rebuilt as a fortified place till the reign of Ahab (1 Kings xvi. 34), when it became the seat of a prophetical society, and appears in the history of the prophet Elisha (2 Kings ii.). The narrative of the healing of the waters by Elisha is referred by Josephus (B. J. iv. 8, 3) to the copious fountain now called the Sultan s Spring, which lies on the western margin of the Jordan val ley, 700 feet below the Mediterranean level, and just under the cliffs of M. Quarantania. The mounds surrounding the spring are of sun-dried brick, and show no traces of ancient building. The position of the town, in a district of great fertility, with rose gardens (Eccles. xxiv. 14), various species of date palms, and valuable cultivation of henna, opobal- samum, and myrobalan (Jos., nt supra- Strabo, xvi. 2), secured its prosperity, while its situation at the gate of the great pass leading up from the Jordan valley to Jerusalem gave it strategical importance. Thus we find that it shared the calamities of the Babylonian exile (Ezra ii. 34), was re- occupied on the restoration (Neh. iii. 2), and was fortified by Bacchides in the Maccabee wars (1 Mac. ix. 50). In the time of Strabo there were two forts, Threx and Taurus, pro tecting the pass above Jericho. Antony gave the groves of Jericho as a rich gift to Cleopatra. From her they passed to Herod the Great, who made the city his winter residence, and adorned it with buildings, crowning the height above with a fortress named after his mother Cyprus. Here it was that the tyrant died. It appears, however, that the Jericho of Herod was not on the site of the old city (Jos., ut supra) but a mile to the south, where there are also mounds and the remains of five aqueducts conveying water from three distant springs. A great tank, of which the ruins are still traced, has been conjectured to be the same in which Herod drowned Aristobulus (Jos., Ant., xv. 2, 3). In the time of Christ the pilgrims from Perjca and Galilee appear to have gathered at Jericho on their way to Jerusalem, and so the town is repeatedly mentioned in the Gospels. According to Eusebius (Onom., ed. Lagarde, p. 265) Jericho was destroyed at the time of the fall of Jeru salem, and a new town sprang up, from which he distin guishes the ruins of two earlier cities as still visible. To the third Jericho, which was an episcopal city, may be referred the Byzantine remains immediately east of Tell es SiiMn. The present village of Eiha or Ariha, which stands nearly half an hour south-east of the Sultan s Spring, is a still more modern site, with a square tower of crusading date. Yakut, in the beginning of the 13th century, still speaks of Jericho as producing dates, bananas, and excellent sugar, but all these have disappeared with the gradual decay of