Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/670

642 Kiclron valley, has been much disputed, the great tower of Psephinus, which stood on very high ground, and formed its north-west angle, being supposed by some to have stood near the modern castle of Goliath (Kasr Jalud), while others place it as far north as the Russian cathedral. The measurements by which it has been proposed to decide the northern limits of Jerusalem are the distance of 3 stadia from the city to the tomb of Queen Helena of Adiabene (commonly identified with the Tombs of the Kings, Kubtir es Salattn}, and the circuit of 33 stadia assigned by Jose- phus to the whole city. These measurements would seem to imply that the ancient city stretched further north than the modern walls, but they can hardly claim to be taken as mathematically accurate ; the estimates of the compass of the city vary, and Eusebius places it at 27 stadia. This again would imply a line closely coincident with the north wall of the modern town, agreeing with the remains of ancient scarping still visible, and with the express statement of Josephus that the line of the third wall passed through the royal caves, i.e., the catacombs, or the cotton grotto and grotto of Jeremiah, which are separated by a kind of fosse cut through the live rock, and manifestly forming part of the old wall line. 1 In the siege under Titus the Romans successively carried the third and second walls. They then occupied Antonia, which was levelled to facilitate the approach of the forces for the attack on the temple stronghold. The temple was opened by lire rather than force, and, the Jewish leaders having retired to the upper city, the lower town from the temple to Siloah was burned by the Romans. The capture of the upper city was effected by a regular approach with mounds and battering rams (September 70 A.D.), and even then the huge citadel of Herod could only have yielded to famine had it not been abandoned by the Jewish leaders in a vain attempt at escape. Its three great towers, with a portion of the western wall, were left as a memorial, and of this group the so-called tower of David (Phasael) still stands. The rebuilding of Jerusalem by Hadrian seems to have been originally conceived in a spirit friendly to the Jews, and there is even some evidence that the restoration of the temple was contemplated or commenced. After the great revolt, however, ^Elia Capitolina was transformed into a purely pagan town with seven quarters and many buildings of heathen fashion. 2 The spread of Christianity and the rise of the practice of pilgrimage gave a new importance to the city of the crucifixion and resurrection, and in the time of Constantinethe discovery of the Holy Sepulchre arid the erection of the magnificent church of the Anastasis (dedicated 336 A.D.) again made Jerusalem a great religious centre. In the pagan reaction under Julian an attempt was made to rebuild the temple, but was frustrated by an outburst of fire from the foundations (362). The unfortunate empress Eudocia spent her last years at Jerusalem (c. 350-360), repaired the walls, built the church of St Stephen, founded monasteries and hospitals, and enriched the churches. The next great builder was Justinian, part of whose splendid church of St Mary perhaps still remains in or to the east of the mosque El-Aksa. In 614 Jerusalem was taken by Chosroes, and the churches and sepulchre were burned, but the patriarch Modestus restored them as soon as the Persians retired. In 637 Jerusalem capitulated to the caliph Omar, who gave directions for the erection of a place of worship on the site of the "remotest shrine," i.e., the temple, to which Mahomet, according to Kor. xvii. 1, was transported from Mecca in his famous night journey. From this verse the great sanctuary of Jerusalem received the name El- 1 The eminence over the grotto of Jeremiah (El Heidemiyeli in Plate X.) is supposed by Lieutenant Condor to be Calvary. 2 Details in Ohron. Pascli., 01. 224, 3. Aksa, now generally confined to the building at the south end of the Haram. The original mosque as described by Arculphus (670) was a rude edifice of wood capable of con taining 3000 worshippers ; but soon after the sanctuary was reconstructed in a style of great magnificence by the caliph Abd el Malik, whose date (72 A. H. =691 A.D.) is still read on a Cufic inscription on the Dome of the Rock, though the name of the caliph seems to have been changed to that of El-Mamun, who restored the buildings after a great earthquake, which, according to Mokadclasy left nothing standing except the part around the mihrdb or niche indicating the direction of Mecca. In their present condition the buildings of the sanctuary show features of very various styles from the Byzantine downwards. The architectural problems which they suggest are closely connected with controversies as to the topography of the temple and the true site of the Holy Sepulchre, both of which subjects will be more conveniently discussed under TEMPLE. Apart from the question of the holy sites, the later topography of Jerusalem presents no feature that need detain us, and the subsequent fortunes of the city belong to the general history of Palestine and the crusades. (w. E s.) III. MODEEN JERUSALEM. It appears probable that the crusading wall ran Pit just outside the present one on the north-west side of the town the remains of mediaeval masonry existing all along this line, In 1192 Saladin fortified the same quarter with a second wall and a fosse, and, as remains of an interior wall are still traceable at the ruined tower called KaTat Jdlud, it appears that the two ramparts must have run about 60 yards apart on this side of the town. Dismantled in 1219 and restored again in 1229, the fortifications were again destroyed in 1239, and the present walls were built in 1542 by Suleimdn the Magnifi cent, as witnessed by inscriptions over the present Jaffa and other gates. The following is a conspectus of the gates at different times in consecutive order : Modern Xamc. Twelfth Century. Fourth to Eighth Centuries. Position. 1. St Stephen s Gate,) BdbSitti Manjam , Gate of Valley of) Jehosaphat f Gate of Valley of)^ Jehosaphat j" E. wall. 2. Herod s Gate, i Bab ez Zahrali...^ rostern of the > Magdalen > Gate of Benjamin ... X. 3. Damascus Gate, ) Bub el Amud ....)" St Stephen s Gate - ( Gate of Galilee....)^ Gate of Neapollfi...) X. 4. Postern of St Laza- ( Gate of Fuller s Field Iv rus, Bab es Serb Gate of Judgment... r- - 5. Jaffa Gate, Bab el Jifiaul ....f Gate of David Gate of David w. ,, G. Sion Gate, ) Sion Gate Sion Gate s Bub Neby Diiiid | 7. Dung Gate, Postern of Tannery Gate of Tekoa g H&belMayhunbeh) " S. Golden Gate, ) Bab ed Daluriyeh) Golden Gate E. ., In 680 the city had eighty-four towers. In the 12th century the two principal ones were first, Tancred s tower on the north-west, the present KaVat Jdlud (Goliath s castle), where remains of a mediaeval square tower of 80 feet side still exist, and, second, David s tower, still so called (the ancient Phasaelus), forming part of the castle of the Pisans, as the present citadel was called in the 16th century. The walls of the modern city enclose an area of 210 acres, the" greater part thickly crowded with houses, although on the north-east and south there are plots of ground near the ramparts not occupied by buildings. The houses are of stone, with flat stone roofs having small domes supported on arches in the middle, and the aspect of the city is specially colourless and stony. The streets are only narrow lanes running at right angles to one another. The principal streets are the same as in the 12th century, and